基于地理信息系统的耕地苜蓿斑蚜种群发生的适宜生境

基于地理信息系统（GIS）技术,将宁夏固原市原州区不同时期耕地苜蓿斑蚜种群分布插值图与生态气候图、数字高程图进行叠加,分析了苜蓿斑蚜密度与生态环境和地理分布之间的关系.结果表明：研究区苜蓿斑蚜的分布和发生程度与气候、地貌和海拔密切相关,苜蓿斑蚜在研究区的适宜生境为海拔1440～2000 m的半干旱平原区和半干旱丘陵区,最易暴发成灾的区域为海拔1600～1800 m的半干旱平原区.苜蓿斑蚜的适宜生境与不同时期的空间分布插值图相结合,可定量分析各生态区苜蓿斑蚜种群的空间动态.     

The feasibility of using the sterile insect technique against Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting greenhouse chrysanthemum

Liriomyza trifolii is a serious pest of chrysanthemum greenhouses and other crops around the world. The larvae feed within the leaves of the host plants and create serpentine mines. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used against some Dipteran species in the field, and it is especially efficient against isolated populations like those on islands. Therefore, SIT against pest populations in confined environments such as greenhouses should have high potential for success. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum gamma‐irradiation dosage required for the sterilisation of L. trifolii adults, and to determine the quality (emergence percentage, flight ability, longevity, copulatory success, and sperm transfer) of the irradiated males compared with that of non‐irradiated (normal) males. We found that sterility (< 0.7 mine per female) was achieved with the dose of 170 ± 5% Gy. The copulatory success and sperm transfer during copulation of the sterile males were not significantly different from those of normal males. Moreover, the longevity, emergence percentage and flight ability of irradiated males were also not significantly different from normal males. The SIT experiments suggest that the release of sterile L. trifolii can significantly reduce the reproductive capacity of a wild leafminer population. Our studies indicate that sterilisation of L. trifolii flies is feasible and that sterile males are of high quality and competitive with normal males. Based on these data, research on the use of SIT against L. trifolii populations in greenhouses is ongoing.     

大豆疫霉和苜蓿疫霉rDNA ITS序列分析*

采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR分别扩增了Phytophthora sojae的5个菌株(Pg1、Pg2、Pg3、CN1和S317)和1个P. medicaginis (菌株44390)的ITS1与ITS2,并对PCR产物进行了序列测定。根据Bioedit软件中的neighbour-joining methods分析法将上述序列和Genbank中已登录的P. sojae、P. medicaginis、P. megasperma和P.trifolii等4个形态学种10个登录菌株的ITS1与ITS2碱基序列进行聚类分析。结果是聚类组与形态学种有一定差别,4个种16个菌株分成7个聚类组。结果表明,分别属于同一形态学种且可聚为一组的不同个体之间的ITS碱基序列遗传相似性最高,但是也具有一定的多样性;形态学上属于不同种的个体的ITS可以聚为一组。上述结果提示L41385可能不属于P. sojae, L41380可能属于是P. trifolii,P. megasperma仍是一个复合种。同时提示ITS DNA碱基序列可以区分形态学种。     

五种不同苜蓿品种对苜蓿斑蚜实验种群存活率和生殖力的影响及抗性分析

苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis trifolii(Monell)是危害苜蓿最为严重的害虫之一。通过室内饲养,选用5个不同的苜蓿品种,测定了不同苜蓿品种上苜蓿斑蚜存活率及生殖力的影响。结果表明:苜蓿斑蚜在不同苜蓿品种的世代平均存活率以固原紫花最高,达97.83%,阿尔冈金最低,为72.73%。以存活率和内禀增长率作为测定抗性的指标,供试品种对苜蓿斑蚜抗性的大小依次为德国大叶﹥阿尔冈金﹥宁苜1号﹥固原紫花﹥金皇后,与田间抗性鉴定结果基本相近。     

三叶草斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的分子鉴定

以三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyzatrifolii(Burgess)与美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchand为材料,通过特异引物18SP1和5.8SP2,分别扩增出它们的rDNA非编码区ITS1的片段,根据序列分析和比较结果,重新设计出2条新的特异性引物Fly3和Flyus,并筛选到2个特异性内切酶,通过PCR和PCR产物的酶切分析,即可将这2种近缘昆虫区分开来。     

Evidence for somatic embryogenesis during plant regeneration from seedling-derived callus of dodder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cuscuta trifolii</Emphasis> Bab. et Gibs)

 In this paper comparative histological studies of embryo-like structures originating from callus cultures, and zygotic embryos originating from sexual seeds of Cuscuta trifolii are reported. The embryos of somatic cell and zygote origin showed similar morphological and anatomical features, such as a complete lack of cotyledon development and the differentiation of a developmentally unique root primordium specialised for water storage. Based on these findings, the regeneration of C. trifolii from callus cultures is shown to proceed along the pathway of somatic embryogenesis. Received: 9 November 1998 / Revision received: 22 April 1999 / Accepted: 29 June 1999     

Diversity and genetic structure of a natural population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from Trifolium subterraneum L.

A collection of 121 isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar (bv.) trifolii was obtained from root nodules of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subclover) plants growing in an established pasture. The collection consisted of a single isolate from each of 18 plants sampled from seven microplots. The following year, a further 28 and 27 isolates were collected from the first and seventh sampling points, respectively. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of both chromosomal and Sym (symbiotic) plasmid DNA and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) were used to assess the diversity, genetic relationships and structure of this population. Symbiotic effectiveness tests were used to examine the symbiotic phenotype of each isolate collected in the first year. Analysis of RFLPs of the first year isolates revealed 13 chromosomal types and 25 Sym plasmid types. Similar Sym plasmid types were grouped into 14 families containing 1–6 members. No new chromosomal types and six new Sym plasmid types were detected in the second year. The symbiotic effectiveness of the first year isolates of the same Sym plasmid type was similar. Significant differences in symbiotic effectiveness were detected between different Sym plasmid types in the same plasmid family. Representative isolates of each chromosomal type Sym plasmid type identified in the first year were analysed using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Mean genetic diversity per locus was high (0.559). Enzyme electrophoresis revealed 17 electrophoretic types (ETs). Ouster analysis of the enzyme data revealed large genetic diversity amongst the ETs. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed for the population as a whole, i.e. clonal population structure, but significantly less disequilibrium was observed among a cluster of ETs suggesting that recombination occurred between ETs within the cluster. Our results revealed that a population of naturally occurring isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii can be genetically diverse and support the possibility that recombination plays a role in generating new genotypes.     

Nodulation of Trifolium repens at low pH by single and paired strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii

Detailed individual nodulation profiles were obtained for five strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii inoculated onto roots of Trifolium repens seedlings growing on an agar medium of pH 4.5. The time of appearance and the location of every nodule were noted for a period of 10 days after inoculation. Using these nodulation frequency profiles, pairings of strains were identified and six mixed-strain inoculation (1:1 ratio) experiments were subsequently performed at pH 4.5. Results from the mixed-inoculum experiments showed that the performance of a Rhizobium strain in single culture could not be reliably used to predict the outcome of a paired-inoculation study and that some seedlings were exclusively nodulated by rhizobia that performed poorly at low pH in single-culture inoculations. Received: 26 November 1996 / Accepted: 18 April 1997     

Effects of Nematicides and Plant Resistance on White Clover Performance and Seasonal Populations of Nematodes Parasitizing White Clover in Grazed Pasture

Root-infecting nematodes are a major cause of white clover, Trifolium repens, not reaching its potential in New Zealand pastures. Resistance and/or tolerance are the preferred control options. Greenhouse-based, recurrent selection programs have developed resistance to Meloidogyne trifoliophila and Heterodera trifolii, and a field-based program has developed tolerance. Lines from these programs were compared with commercial cultivars as controls in a series of field trials at four sites over 4 years. Resistant lines from the CCN program performed better than susceptible lines and as well as most cultivars, reflecting the high level of resistance developed in this greenhouse-based program. In stained root from Cambridge, numbers of CCN were lower in resistant lines than in cultivars; numbers in susceptible lines were intermediate. CCN resistance was also reflected to a lesser extent in the number of cysts counted in soil under resistant lines in Palmerston North. The root-knot nematode-resistant material performed better than the susceptible and as well as most cultivars. In one trial of CRKN-resistant lines, resistant and susceptible lines had similar numbers of CRKN which were both lower than the numbers in the cultivars; in the second trial, there were fewer CRKN in resistant than in susceptible lines or cultivars. The tolerant selections, developed under field conditions, performed as well as or better than the cultivars. The selections from the breeding programmes have exhibited strong agronomic potential across locations and years, and the best material has been crossed; progeny are being assessed in current field trials.