Carbon and nitrogen flow in silver birch and Norway spruce connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium

 Spruce and birch seedlings were grown together in boxes filled with unsterile peat. Both seedlings were colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Scleroderma citrinum. The two plants thus shared a common external mycelium. ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium was supplied exclusively to the fungus, while the birch or the spruce plant was continuously fed with ¹³C-labelled CO₂ for 72 h. The carbon and nitrogen transfer rates were strikingly different for birch and spruce seedlings. The mycorrhizal mycelium received carbohydrates mainly from the birch plant and the nitrogen transfer by the fungus to the plants was largely directed towards the birch. Carbon assimilates were also transferred in both directions between birch and spruce; however, there was no conclusive evidence for a net transfer of carbon between the plants. Accepted: 20 September 1996     

黄粉甲低温贮存对管氏肿腿蜂发育和繁殖的影响

寄主的活动能力和营养状况是影响寄生蜂繁育效果的主要因素。以黄粉甲蛹为寄主,筛选其最佳贮存温度和时间,达到短时间内降低寄主活动能力的同时,保证其有充足营养满足寄生蜂发育所需,对于管氏肿腿蜂的规模化生产有重要意义。在9,3,-3,-9℃条件下,分别贮存黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL.蛹5,15,25,35和45d对管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiaoetWu发育、存活以及增殖的影响。结果表明,寄主活动能力随贮存温度的降低而减弱,有利于管氏肿腿蜂的寄生,寄生率和蜂种存活率不断升高;寄主的不同贮存对寄生蜂卵孵化率影响小于对幼虫存活率影响,而对蛹羽化率则无任何影响。管氏肿腿蜂各阶段历期与寄主贮存温度和时间有着一定关系,-3和-9℃条件下,寄主贮存时间越长,所接寄生蜂产卵前期越短;不同贮存温度和时间的寄主间,寄生蜂卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的持续时间存在一定差异,最短分别为3.39,6.27和15.15d,而对预蛹期无显著差异;幼期的变化趋势同产卵前期。寄主经不同温度和时间贮存后,所繁育的管氏肿腿蜂最高产卵量为33.19粒/雌、最高出蜂量为20.07头/雌、雌雄最高性比可达17.53∶1,分别是CK的2.21,3.17和1.26倍。总体而言,寄主经-9℃贮存15~25d后最有利于繁蜂,其中-9℃贮存15d出蜂量最高。单雌出蜂量较现有报道提高3倍。     

B cell block: is rituximab a new possible treatment for systemic sclerosis?

There is no treatment for fibrotic diseases, including the autoimmune disease systemic sclerosis (sclerderma, SSc). Although broad spectrum immune suppressants have little to no effect on the fibrosis in SSc, agents targeting specific proinflammatory agents are currently being considered as possible therapeutic approaches to combating SSc. B cells are lymphocytes that proliferate and secrete antibody molecules which drive the autoimmune response. CD20 is a B cell marker; the agent rituximab is an antibody against CD20. In a recent report by Bosello and colleagues (Arthritis Res. Ther. 12(2): R54, 2010), rituximab was tolerated in SSc patients and appeared to result in an improvement of the skin score and of clinical symptoms of SSc. This report is one of a series of recent studies suggesting that rituximab may be a possible treatment for SSc. This commentary summarizes these observations.     

利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂:不同蜂虫比对繁育效果的影响

利用黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor的蛹作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermaguani,测定了不同蜂虫比对发育历期、寄生率等几项评价繁育效果的重要指标。结果显示接蜂时不同蜂虫比对雌蜂产卵量和育出的子代蜂数量有较明显的影响,当蜂虫比为2∶1时这2项重要指标较为理想。综合比较了寄生率、寄生成功率、子代蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、性比等各项指标后认为,人工扩繁时采用2∶1的蜂虫比较为适宜。     

管氏肿腿蜂毒液丝氨酸蛋白酶同源物SgSPH对寄主血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]本研究旨在通过克隆表达管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani毒液丝氨酸蛋白酶同源物(serine protease homologue,SPH)基因SgSPH,探索其编码的毒液蛋白对寄主血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的影响.[方法]利用RT-PCR技术克隆管氏肿腿蜂毒液SgSPH基因的开放阅读框(ORF),采用生物信...     

Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Containing Galβ→4Gal Disaccharide at the Non-Reducing End Using β-Galactanase from Penicillium citrinum

The transglycosylation reaction was done with a β-galactanase from Penicillium citrinum. The regioselectivity in the transglycosylation reaction was studied using soy bean arabinogalactan as a donor and mono- or disaccharide derivatives containing β-galactosyl residue as acceptors. We also synthesized oligosaccharides containing Galβ1→4Gal sequence such as Galβ1→4Galβ1→4Glc, Galβ1→4Galβ1→3GlcNAc, Galβ1→4Galβ1→4GlcNAc, Galβ1→4Galβ1→6GlcNAc, and Galβ1→4Galβ1→3GalNAc for use in the total synthesis of complex sugar chains.     

管氏肿腿蜂不同类型种蜂的繁蜂效果研究

经连续多代利用中间寄主黄粉甲人工扩繁管氏肿腿蜂后,种蜂出现一定退化,主要表现为寄生率和寄生成功率下降、单管出蜂量减少、子代蜂体型趋小等等。种蜂退化与繁育寄主的营养状况、种蜂保藏条件和接蜂繁育条件等因素有关。本研究根据设定的形态差异标准把种蜂划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型种蜂,将3种类型种蜂分别进行繁育试验,统计比较各型种蜂的母代寄生率、寄生成功率、单管出蜂量、子代性比、存活率等参数,确定在人工扩繁应选用的种蜂类型。结果表明:Ⅰ型种蜂经50 d的适宜条件保藏后,以3∶1蜂虫比接蜂繁育,繁育效果更佳。     

A novel spermatogenesis-specific uPAR gene expressed in human and mouse testis

The urokinase receptor, uPAR, which binds to the urinary-type plasminogen activator, controls matrix degradation in the processes of tissue remodeling, cell migration, and invasion. In the present study, we found a new urokinase receptor gene that encodes a 249-amino acid putative protein. Northern blot analysis showed specific expression in the testis of this gene, which we named the spermatogenesis-related gene (SGRG). In situ hybridization revealed a strong expression signal for SGRG in spermatogonia, but not in spermatocytes. Therefore, we conjecture that SGRG may regulate spermatocyte migration through breakdown of extracellular matrix protein barriers in spermatogenesis. Since SGRG is specifically expressed in spermatogonia, it provides an attractive candidate for development of a contraceptive vaccine.