水稻条纹花叶病毒对介体电光叶蝉生长繁殖及取食行为的影响

【目的】由电光叶蝉Recilia dorsalis传播的水稻条纹花叶病毒(rice stripe mosaic virus,RSMV)目前在我国华南稻区大面积发生并对水稻生产造成严重危害。本研究旨在明确RSMV对介体电光叶蝉生长繁殖及取食行为的影响。【方法】通过生物学实验测定RSMV侵染后电光叶蝉的生长和生命表参数;利用刺吸电位(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术比较携带和未携带RSMV的电光叶蝉成虫在健康水稻上的取食行为差异;采用Y型嗅觉仪测定电光叶蝉成虫对感染和未感染RSMV水稻的寄主选择倾向性。【结果】与无毒电光叶蝉相比,携带RSMV的电光叶蝉若虫发育历期延长,而若虫存活率、成虫羽化率、雌虫繁殖力和卵孵化率下降。无毒电光叶蝉成虫倾向于选择取食RSMV侵染的水稻,而带毒电光叶蝉成虫倾向于选择取食健康水稻。与无毒电光叶蝉相比,带毒电光叶蝉成虫取食健康水稻所产生的刺探波、障碍波和唾液分泌波次数和持续时间均显著增加,被动取食波和休息波次数减少但时间均延长。【结论】与无毒电光叶蝉相比,感染RSMV使带毒电光叶蝉若虫发育历期延长且不利于其种群的繁殖。RSMV通过调控介体电光叶蝉成虫的取食和寄主选择行为而有利于自身在寄主水稻间的传播。     

Comparison of the diversity of the bacterial communities in the intestinal tract of adult Bactrocera dorsalis from three different populations

Aims: To (i) identify the bacterial communities in the gut of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) adult and (ii) determine whether the different surroundings and diets influence the bacteria composition. Methods and Results: Polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was used to investigate bacterial diversity in the oriental fruit fly adult gut. The 16S rDNA cloned libraries from the intestinal tract of laboratory‐reared (LR), laboratory sterile sugar‐reared (LSSR) and field‐collected (FC) populations of oriental fruit fly were compared. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that Gammaproteobacteria were dominant in the all samples (73·0–98·3%). Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were judged to be major components of a given library as they constituted 10% or more of the total clones of such library. The Flavobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria were observed in small proportions in various libraries. Further phylogenetic analyses indicated common bacterial phylotypes for all three libraries, e.g. those related to Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pectobacterium and Serratia. libshuff analysis showed that the bacterial communities of B. dorsalis from the three populations were significantly different from each other (P < 0·0085). Conclusions: (i) The intestinal tract of B. dorsalis adult contains a diverse bacterial community, some of which are stable. (ii) Different environmental conditions and food supply could influence the diversity of the harboured bacterial communities and increase community variations. Significance and Impact of the Study: Comparison of the microbial compositions and common bacterial species found in this paper may be very important for the biocontrol of B. dorsalis.     

Reproductive biology of the rock shrimp Sicyonia dorsalis (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) from the southeastern coast of Brazil

Summary

Sicyonia dorsalis is not commercially exploited in Brazil, but it forms a critical link in marine food chains by converting detritus food sources into microorganism biomass that is available for higher trophic levels. We examined the reproductive biology of this species, sampled for five and a half years in a tropical locality, the southeastern coast of São Paulo (23° S), Brazil. Monthly samples were taken from January 1998 to June 2003 at depths of 5 to 45 m. Degree of ovarian development was used to examine breeding in adult females. Recruitment was estimated by changes in proportion of individuals in juvenile size classes of carapace length (CL #8.2 mm) in relationship to the total number of individuals. The largest immature female measured 9.2 mm CL, but 75% of females were smaller than 7.3 mm CL. The largest immature male measured 6.8 mm CL. The relative frequency of reproductive females was negatively correlated with the relative frequency of recruitment (p <0.001). Reproductive females were found in every season, with peaks in December-February following the recruitment peak in March-June, and a second peak of spawning in May-July and of recruitment in September-November. The continuous reproductive pattern observed for S. dorsalis, combined with the hypothesis that during spring and summer the phytoplankton production is higher, when the South Atlantic central water mass intrudes into the region during upwelling events, suggests that food availability for protozoeal and mysis larvae may be an important selective factor shaping the seasonal breeding pattern for S. dorsalis. The classical paradigm of continuous reproduction at lower latitudes, with increased seasonality of the breeding period at higher latitudes, seems to be valid for this species.     

Responses to simulated echoes by neurons in the barn owl's auditory space map

The natural acoustical environment contains many reflective surfaces that give rise to echoes, complicating the task of sound localization and identification. The barn owl (Tyto alba), as a nocturnal predator, relies heavily on its auditory system for tracking and capturing prey in this highly echoic environment. The external nucleus of the owl's inferior colliculus (ICx) contains a retina-like map of space composed of space-specific auditory neurons that have spatially limited receptive fields. We recorded extracellularly from individual space-specific neurons in an attempt to understand the pattern of activity across the ICx in response to a brief direct sound and a simulated echo. Space-specific neurons responded strongly to the direct sound, but their response to a simulated echo was suppressed, typically, if the echo arrived within 5 ms or less of the direct sound. Thus we expect there to be little or no representation within the ICx of echoes arriving within such short delays.Behavioral tests using the owl's natural tendency to turn their head toward a sound source suggested that owls, like their space-specific neurons, similarly localize only the first of two brief sounds. Naive, untrained owls were presented with a pair of sounds in rapid succession from two horizontally-separated speakers. With interstimulus delays of less than 10 ms, the owl consistently turned its head toward the leading speaker. Longer delays elicited head turns to either speaker with approximately equal frequency and in some cases to both speakers sequentially.Abbreviations IC inferior colliculus - ICx external nucleus of the inferior colliculus - ITD interaural time difference - ISI interstimulus interval - LS left speaker - RS right speaker - CS centering speaker - RF receptive field     

温度、湿度、光照对桔小实蝇飞行能力的影响

本文明确温度、相对湿度和光照强度等3个环境因子变化对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)雌、雄成虫飞行能力的影响。在不同温度、相对湿度和光照强度下,通过室内静风吊飞测试桔小实蝇雌、雄成虫的飞行距离、时间及速度。结果表明,适宜桔小实蝇飞行的温度范围是20℃-32℃,雌虫比雄虫更耐高温;最适宜飞行的空气相对湿度在60%-75%;桔小实蝇雌、雄成虫在有光照的条件下飞行,在500-2000 lux光照强度下飞行能力最强。分析表明,环境温度、空气相对湿度以及光照强度对桔小实蝇的飞行影响明显。低温或太高温对桔小实蝇飞行不利;较湿润的空气环境对桔小实蝇飞行有利,干燥或湿度过大均不利于桔小实蝇的飞行活动;光刺激是导致桔小实蝇飞行活动的基本条件,光照强度过弱或过强均不利于桔小实蝇飞行。     

人工饲养背摇蚊幼虫龄数和龄期的测定

本文采用了人工饲养定期取样的方法,测定了背摇蚊Chironomus dorsalis(Anderson)幼虫的龄数以及各龄的龄期。分别测量不同发育阶段幼虫的头壳长、颏中齿顶端至冠突前缘间距离、头壳宽、颏宽、颏中齿宽、触角长、触角基节长、触角比(触角基节与其余各节的长度之比)等8项指标,以期得到区分和判定幼虫虫龄的最佳形态特征及指标。运用频次分布、均差分析和回归分析对8项指标测量数据进行统计分析,结果表明,背摇蚊幼虫可分4龄,触角长可作为理想的分龄特征和分龄指标,其次是颏中齿顶端至冠突前缘间距离和颏宽。利用种群众数龄期法计算1-4龄幼虫的平均龄期分别为1.32 d、2.00 d、7.51 d和8.39 d,幼虫期共为19.22 d。     

桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇幼虫取食阶段的种内竞争

种内竞争是实蝇的重要生态学特性。本文研究比较了近缘种桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和番石榴实蝇B.correcta(Bezzi)在幼虫人工饲料中种内竞争的密度效应。研究结果显示,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇都有密度过低效应,均表现出发育历期较长、蛹较轻和成活率较低;结合蛹重和成活率两个重要参数指标,明确了桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的最宜密度均在5-20头虫/10 g饲料;不同生长参数之间的变化均有一定的正负相关性。当种群密度超过最宜密度,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇均有明显的种内竞争现象,随着种群密度的升高,种内竞争越激烈。其主要表现为化蛹率和羽化率不断下降、幼虫历期逐渐缩短、蛹历期不断延长和蛹逐渐变小;当100头虫/10 g饲料时,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇成活率从86.00%±4.2688%和86.00%±4.1096%分别下降到60.08%±2.5166%和76.33%±2.2333%。桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的种内竞争的密度效应极具相似性,推测这两种实蝇有类似的种群调节机制,但番石榴实蝇的幼虫比桔小实蝇的拥有更强的抗拥挤能力。     

不同日龄和吊飞过程中桔小实蝇成虫飞行肌能量代谢相关酶活性的变化

【目的】明确桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)飞行肌对能源物质的利用。【方法】通过生化方法测定了能源物质代谢相关5种酶[3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、柠檬酸合酶(CS)和3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)]活性的变化。【结果】桔小实蝇成虫中所测的5种酶活性随日龄的变化而变化,4日龄GAPDH,GDH,LDH和CS活性最高,20日龄HOAD活性最高。吊飞过程中,GAPDH,GDH和CS的活性变化基本一致,随吊飞时间的延长活性逐渐升高;LDH和HOAD的活性变化雌、雄虫完全不同。雄虫LDH活性除吊飞2 h外其他时间均高于静息状态,雌虫则始终低于静息状态;雄虫HOAD活性只有吊飞24 h低于静息状态水平,而雌虫吊飞后HOAD活性一直在静息状态水平及以下波动。【结论】桔小实蝇飞行所利用的能源物质包括糖类和脂肪,以糖类能源为主。吊飞过程中,雄虫除可以进行高速有氧代谢以外,还具备一定的无氧代谢能力,而雌虫只进行有氧代谢;雄虫能利用脂肪供给能量,雌虫则几乎不动用脂肪。研究结果为进一步阐明桔小实蝇的迁飞行为机制提供了依据。     

纳洛酮翻转刺激大鼠下丘脑弓状核对中缝背核单位活动的影响

实验在麻醉或制动的大鼠上进行。用玻璃微电极记录中缝背核单位活动及其对刺激弓状核的反应,并观察注射纳洛酮的作用。主要结果如下:(1)电刺激弓状核能明显影响中缝背核单位的放电活动,主要表现为抑制;(2)注射纳洛酮能翻转刺激弓状核对中缝背核单位放电的影响;(3)注射纳洛酮使中缝背核单位的自发放电频率显著增加。上述结果提示:刺激弓状核对中缝背核单位放电的影响,可能是通过释放内源性阿片样物质(β-内啡肽)而引起的。