Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis and growth in plant pathogenic fungi in vitro

Polyamine (PA) biosynthesis inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and bis-(cyclohexylammonium) sulphate (BCHA) have been tested for their effects on colony diameters at different intervals after inoculation of four plant pathogenic fungi (Helminthosporium oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Pythium aphanidermatum and Colletotrichum capsici). All these inhibitors, except DFMA had strongly retarded the growth of four fungi in a dose- and species-dependent fashion, and H. oryzae and C. lunata were found to be most sensitive to the effects of PA inhibitors. P. aphanidermatum and C. capsici were relatively insensitive and required rather high concentrations of inhibitors to get greater inhibition of mycelial growth, except DFMA which had stimulatory effect on the growth of these two fungi. However DFMA had greatly suppressed the growth of H. oryzae and C. lunata. The effect was generally more pronounced with MGBG than with DFMO and BCHA, and 1 mM Put completely prevented the inhibitory effects of 1 and 5 mM DFMO. Analysis of free and conjugated PAs in two sensitive fungi (H. oryzae and C. lunata) revealed that Put was present in highest concentrations followed by Spd and Spm and their levels were greatly reduced by DFMO application, and such inhibitions were totally reversed by exogenously supplied Put; in fact, PA titers were considerably increased by 1 mM Put alone and in combination with 1 mM DFMO. These results suggest that PA inhibitors, particularly DFMO and MGBG may be useful as target-specific fungicides in plants.     

Comparative ultrastructure of aecial and telial infections of the autoecious rust fungus Puccinia tuyutensis

This study demonstrates morphological differences between aecial and telial stages of the autoecious rust Puccinia tuyutensis. The aeciospores possess verrucose ornamentation while the teliospores have smooth surfaces. The aecial and telial haustoria of this rust produced in the mesophyll of Cressa cretica differ morphologically in the following respects:(1) the haustorial mother cell of telial haustorium is more differentiated than that of aecial haustorium and its wall at the penetration site is composed of 4 layers; (2) the aecial haustorium is filamentous in appearance and slightly constricted at the point of entry into the host cell, while the telial haustorium is clavate and possesses a narrow neck with a densely staining neckband and swollen body; (3) the neck of the telial haustorium is always associated with numerous vesicles while that of the aecial haustorium is not. Vascular tissue of host leaves is heavily invaded by aecial haustoria but not by telial haustoria.     

Keratinolytic fungi in sewage sludge

Sewage sludge from the Upper Silesia Region of Poland were surveyed for keratinolytic fungi. Out of 100 Petri dishes examined, 89 were positive for these micro-organisms. Altogether, 185 fungal appearances belonging to 10 species were observed. Trichophyton terrestre with its teleomorph Arthroderma quadrifidum, T. ajelloi with A. uncinatum, Microsporum gypseum with Arthroderma sp., and Chrysosporium keratinophilum with Aphanoascus keratinophilus prevailed in the sludges. The sewage treatment technologies together with the sludge structure, humidity and pH were found to be critical factors determining the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the sludge environment. The qualitative and quantitative composition of keratinolytic fungi could be a useful tool in evaluation of sludge treatment processes.     

Fungal biodiversity in the air of Turin

The qualitative fungal composition of Turin 's atmospheric environment was surveyed, carrying out a twelve-month study and collecting with a single stage volumetric sieve sampler on Dermasel agar supplemented with 0.4 g l^–1 cycloheximide and 0.05 g l^–1 chloramphenicol. We isolated 165 species and 2 varieties of mesophilic fungi from 58 genera and 26 thermotolerant species from 12 genera. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, Scopulariopsis, Malbranchea, Paecilomyces, Phialophora and Cladosporium were in sequence the genera most rich in mesophilic species; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chrysosporium and Scopulariopsis the most rich in thermotolerant species. Many of the species isolated are rarely or never recorded in the atmospheric environment. Cycloheximide can thus be said to select among airborne fungi, giving a characteristic picture.Abbreviation CH Cycloheximide - cfu colony forming unit     

腺苷三磷酸和环腺苷单磷酸对丝状真菌纤维素酶合成的调节

以虫荧光素酶法检验了四株丝状真菌在葡萄糖—无机盐液体培养过程中的胞内ATP含量。结果表明,只有当胞内ATP浓度低于10~(-S)mg/ml时,真菌才开始合成胞外纤维素酶(FPA)。以不同浓度的各种碳源培养时,菌体胞内ATP含量只要超过10~(-1)mg/ml,FPA的合成即发生阻遏。菌体胞内ATP含量与FPA合成呈显著负相关。以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测了菌体培养液中的cAMP含量。在非阻遏条件下,外源cAMP可以提高FPA的合成水平。但外源cAMP不能解除已经发生的酶合成阻遏。菌体ATP和cAMP水平是调节真菌纤维素酶合成的重要因子。     

Effect of increased CO2 concentration and temperature on the phyllosphere mycoflora of winter wheat flag leaves during ripening

The impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂, 600/700 μmol mol^-1) and temperature (+ 4°C) on phyllosphere fungi colonising flag leaves of mini crops of winter wheat cv. Mercia between anthesis and harvest was determined in a computer-controlled environment facility in 1993 and 1994. In both years the total fungal populations (cm² leaf) were found to have increased due to exposure to either elevated CO₂ and elevated CO₂+ temperature treatments. This was mainly due to significant increases in populations of Cladosporium spp. (C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum) on the flag leaves during ripening. Other phyllosphere component species such as white and pink yeasts were not markedly affected by treatments. The range of fungal species found in such controlled environment chambers was narrower than that commonly found on flag leaves of field grown crops. Common and important colonisers of leaves and ripening ears such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum and Fusarium spp. were seldom isolated.     

Ammonia fungi of iriomote Island in the southern Ryukyus,Japan and a new ammonia fungus,Hebeloma luchuense

Species composition and fruiting season of ammonia fungi were investigated in Iriomote Island of the southern Ryukyus, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.Castanopsis andPinus forests were surveyed and 10 species of ammonia fungi were collected, including one new agaric species,Hebeloma luchuense sp. nov. This new fungus is characterized by having a rooting, squamulose-scaly stipe and cortinate veil and forms ectomycorrhizae withCastanopsis cuspidata var.sieboldii. Although the general mushroom season in theCastanopsis forest in Iriomote island was very short and restricted to summer, ammonia fungi were observed to fruit throughout the year in urea-treated plots.     

捕食真菌及其相关丝孢菌中国的新记录

本文报道了来自我国云南及长白山地区的捕食真菌及其相关丝孢菌的8个新记录种,即纺锤孢指隔孢(Dactylella atractoides),狭长孢指隔孢(D. stenomeces)、顶毛孢单顶孢(Monacrosporium acrochaeturn),泡环单顶孢(M. aphrobrochum),异孢单顶孢(M. heterobrochum),瘤捕单顶孢(M. phymatopagum),三叉霉(Tridentaria sp.)及龟头轮枝孢(Verticillium balanoides).     

刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种(新组合)

刺孢小克银汉霉[Cunninghamella echinulata(Thaxt.) Thaxt. ex Blakeslce]是小克银汉霉属的模式种,多年来因不同作者是否将贝尼尔小克银汉霉(C. bainieri Naum.)包含在内而对此种持广义(sensu lato)或狭义(scnsu stricto)的不同理解。我们在国内分离到51株刺孢小克银汉霉(广义)菌种,经与获自css的7株菌(包括刺孢小克银汉霉的模式菌种在内)和IMI的1株菌(原定名称均为刺孢小克银汉霉)一起研究后,根据它们的无性型形态特征有明显不同但在配合试验中又可互相配合形成可育的接合孢子的结果,认为将它们处理为同一个种的两个不同变种较为合理.其中,13株中国的菌和3株CBS及IMI的菌被鉴定为刺孢小克银汉霉原变种(C. echinulata var. echinulata);其余的38株中国的菌和5株CBS的菌被鉴定为轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种(新组合)[C. echinulata var. verticillata (F. S. Paine.) comb. nov.j.以‘轮生(verticillata)’作为新组合变种的加词是根据与贝尼尔小克银汉霉同物异名的‘轮生布拉小克银汉霉(C. blakesleeana var. verticillata (F. S. Paine) Baijal & B. S. Mchrotra)’而来的.在前人的工作中,对刺孢小克银汉霉持狭义理解的作者往往根据孢子枝的分枝方式、巨型暗色孢子的有无、以及40℃能否生长来区分这两个分类群.对刺孢小克银汉霉持广义理解的作者则认为这些特性毫无意义.我们同意后面两个特性意义不大,因为二者的许多菌系都能形成巨型暗色袍子并在40℃生长,但认为孢子枝分枝方式确实是区别这两个分类群的重要依据.此外,根据产孢构造的种类、孢子枝主枝的直径、孢子枝第一次分枝的数目、分枝长度、孢子枝主枝的顶生泡囊形状以及其直径等性状综合考虑,这两个分类群是不难明确区分的,对12株刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和13株轮生刺孢小克银汉霉相互之间所进行的配合试验结果表明,在具一定性亲和力的(+)、(一)菌系同时存在时,两个变种内和变种之间均可形成可育的接合孢子。对上述三种配合的各六对菌所形成的有性型形态的研究结果则表明,除轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种内形成的接合孢子的壁往往较厚外,各种配合形成的有性型形态基本上是一致的.我们研究组的其他成员最近曾对小克银汉霉的22株菌进行了rDNA的ITS区的PCR产物长度测定,其中包括了刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种的各3株菌,它们的平均长度(bp)分别为890±7.5和915±7.6.这个结果也支持了我们在这两个分类群可以互相配合的情况下仍将它们作为两个不同变种的处理.这两个分类群虽然已被发表多次,但它们的描述和绘图均过于简单而未能充分显示出它们的区别性特征,因此我们在本文中再次作了描述并再次提供了详尽的线条图和显微照相.     

拟夏孢锈属（Uredinopsis）新记录种

采到骨状拟夏孢锈（Ｕｒｅｄｉｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｏｓｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｋａｍｅｉ）为中国新记录种。