黄河三角洲芦苇湿地底栖无脊椎动物与环境因子的关系研究——以石油开采区与淡水补给区为例

分别于2018年5月和8月对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地19(淡水补给区11处,石油开采区8处)处采样点的底栖无脊椎动物和水体理化指标进行调查采样,运用统计方法分析两个区域物种组成、优势种、多样性、群落结构以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:两季共采集到底栖无脊椎动物54种,主要以水生昆虫、腹足纲和软甲纲为主,淡水补给区和石油开采区各类群组成差异明显。独立样本T检验表明淡水补给区和石油开采区水体理化指标间差异显著(P<0.05)。双因子方差分析显示,昆虫纲和腹足纲密度在两区域差异显著(P<0.05),软甲纲和腹足纲密度在季节上差异明显(P<0.05)。底栖无脊椎动物优势种共10种,淡水补给区指示物种8种,而石油开采区未发现有指示物种。聚类和非参数多维排序(nM DS)显示,底栖无脊椎动物群落结构相似性较低; RDA结果表明:淡水补给区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构主要受Cond,TDS,Sal,pH,Eh,HCO₃^-,SO₄^2-等环境因子的影响。石油开采区底栖无脊椎动物群落结构影响较大的环境因子为HCO...     

大气污染对珠江三角洲村边林植被的影响

在群落结构与组成分析的基础上,阐明了陶瓷工业污染对自然条件下生长的植被伤害状况、程度和原因,为类似地理气候区重度污染背景下退化生态系统的植被恢复提供参考。野外调查样地位于广东省佛山市南海区一村边半自然次生林内。结果表明,该森林以隆缘桉和尾叶桉占优势,其次是乡土树种鸭脚木、泥竹,重要值依次为26.75、17.08、16.27和11.50,其它伴生种的重要值不足30。根据冠层叶可见症状、失绿和脱叶对植物受害进行综合评价,分死亡(受害程度100%,全部叶死亡脱落)、重度(60%-100%)、中度(25%-60%)、轻度(10%-25%)和健康(<10%)5个级别。隆缘桉和马尾松冠层叶完全脱落属于死亡类,泥竹、南岭黄檀属重度受害种类。尽管其它伴生树种有较低的重要值,但其中多数种类显示出较强耐受能力,这些种类包括鸭脚木、珊瑚树、酒饼叶、光叶山矾、白背叶、银柴、竹节树、山黄麻、构树、粗叶榕、潺槁树等。和乔木层比较,林下灌木和草本植物受污染的伤害大大降低。桉树类树种因其速生、快速郁闭的特点被认为是华南荒山、退化丘陵地区植被恢复的重要种类,在重度污染地区已经受到严重威胁,应该引起重视。另一方面,某些乡土树种在重度污染地区环境修复中显示出潜力和前景。     

Testing population-level mechanisms of invasion by a mobile vertebrate: a simple conceptual framework for salmonids in streams

Invasion biology suffers from a lack of the ability to predict the outcome of particular invasions because of reliance on verbal models and lack of rigorous experimental data at the appropriate scale. More progress is likely to be made by considering invasions as population-level phenomena and initially focusing on specific taxa or particular categories of invasions. To this end, we propose a simple conceptual framework to motivate studies of invasion by salmonids (salmon, trout, grayling, and whitefish) in streams that emphasizes population-level mechanisms affecting native species and promoting spread by the invader. Specifically, the only direct mechanisms by which the abundance of the native species can decline are through biotic interactions which cause decreased reproductive rates or survival at specific life stages, net emigration, debilitating or fatal diseases introduced by the invader, or a combination of these factors. Conversely, abundance of the invader must increase by local reproduction, high survival, net immigration, or a combination of these factors. Review of existing salmonid invasion literature suggests that future studies could be improved by using manipulative field experiments at a spatial and temporal scale appropriate to address population-level processes, characterizing how movement affects the establishment and spread of an invader, and including abiotic context in experimental designs. Using the example of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) invasion into streams containing native Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus) in the central Rocky Mountains (USA), we demonstrate how the framework can be used to design a manipulative field experiment to test for population-level mechanisms causing ecological effects and promoting invasion success. Experiments of this type will give invasion ecologists a useful example of how a taxon-specific invasion framework can improve the ability to predict ecological effects, and provide fishery biologists with the quantitative foundation necessary to better manage stream salmonid invasions.     

Gene flow and effective population size in two life-history types of broad whitefish Coregonus nasus from the Canadian Arctic

In this study, the magnitude and direction of gene flow and estimates of effective population sizes (N(e) ) were quantified among two life-history types (lacustrine and anadromous) of broad whitefish Coregonus nasus in the lower Mackenzie River system. The data suggest that dispersal and subsequent gene flow occurs between these groups, with the former appearing to be asymmetrical. Gene flow may potentially be directionally biased as well, a result attributed to source-sink population dynamics and the ongoing process of post-glacial colonization and contemporary range expansion. Additionally, average N(e) estimates were consistently lower for lacustrine populations of C. nasus although confidence intervals for both contemporary and historical estimates broadly overlapped. The lower average estimates of N(e) for lacustrine populations was suggested to be the result of more recent founding events following post-glacial dispersal. This study provides one of the first assessments of gene flow and N(e) in an Arctic coregonine, results that may be relevant to other freshwater and anadromous Arctic species persisting in systems near the periphery of their range.     

柳树对水体氮素的去除率及其吸收动力学

在水培条件下,研究了2种柳树(Salix integra)无性系(“一支笔”和“微山湖”)对模拟富营养化水体中氮素的吸收状况,并采用常规耗竭法探讨了柳树幼苗根系对NH4+-N、NO3--N的吸收动力学特征.结果表明:2种柳树无性系对低浓度模拟富营养化水体中总氮的去除率均达90％以上,是高浓度情况下的2倍;对低浓度模拟污水中总磷的去除率达80％,高浓度下则达92％,且“一支笔”对总氮、总磷的吸收效果优于“微山湖”;2种柳树无性系对氮素的吸收均表现为水体中营养物质浓度越高,去除效果越好;只有NH4+-N或NO3--N存在时,“微山湖”的最大吸收速率和亲和力高于“一支笔”;当有其他氮源影响时,2种柳树无性系对NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收效率则下降至50％;研究表明,柳树对富营养化水体的生态修复作用较强,是进行面源污染生态修复的优良树种.     

Length-weight relationships of eight fish species from the Hailang river,China

The present study reports the length-weight relationships (LWRs) for eight fish species sampled in Hailang River, a left-bank tributary of the Mudan River in Northeast China. The fishes were collected from April to October bimonthly 2017 by electrofishing (fishing 2 kilometers along the river and within 5 meters from the bank) and netting (drift gillnet: mesh size 2 cm × 3 cm; 200 m net length). The specimens were weighed (nearest 0.1 g) and measured (nearest 0.1 cm) in the laboratory. This study provides an update in maximum lengths for five species.     

南水北调与生态平衡

水是人类赖以生存繁衍的重要资源。我国人口逐年增长,而淡水资源数量有限。多变的自然降水及频繁的旱涝灾害,一直决定着我国农业收成乃至整个国民经济的盛衰。     

Stream hierarchy defines riverscape genetics of a North American desert fish

Global climate change is apparent within the Arctic and the south‐western deserts of North America, with record drought in the latter reflected within 640 000 km² of the Colorado River Basin. To discern the manner by which natural and anthropogenic drivers have compressed Basin‐wide fish biodiversity, and to establish a baseline for future climate effects, the Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) was employed to juxtapose fluvial topography against molecular diversities of 1092 Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus). MtDNA revealed three geomorphically defined evolutionarily significant units (ESUs): Bonneville Basin, upper Little Colorado River and the remaining Colorado River Basin. Microsatellite analyses (16 loci) reinforced distinctiveness of the Bonneville Basin and upper Little Colorado River, but subdivided the Colorado River Basin into seven management units (MUs). One represents a cline of three admixed gene pools comprising the mainstem and its lower‐gradient tributaries. Six others are not only distinct genetically but also demographically (i.e. migrants/generation <9.7%). Two of these (i.e. Grand Canyon and Canyon de Chelly) are defined by geomorphology, two others (i.e. Fremont‐Muddy and San Raphael rivers) are isolated by sharp declivities as they drop precipitously from the west slope into the mainstem Colorado/Green rivers, another represents an isolated impoundment (i.e. Ringdahl Reservoir), while the last corresponds to a recognized subspecies (i.e. Zuni River, NM). Historical legacies of endemic fishes (ESUs) and their evolutionary potential (MUs) are clearly represented in our data, yet their arbiter will be the unrelenting natural and anthropogenic water depletions that will precipitate yet another conservation conflict within this unique but arid region.     

渭河陕西段沉积物重金属空间分布及来源解析

为了了解渭河陕西段河道沉积物重金属空间分布特征,本研究对渭河陕西段干流及其支流17个采样点沉积物中的10种重金属元素(Cd、Sb、As、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn)含量进行测定及来源辨析。结果表明: 重金属元素Cd、Sb、As、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn的平均含量分别为0.10、1.24、11.73、11.95、24.90、24.91、29.31、54.18、72.74、626.85 mg·kg^-1, 除Cd的变异系数大于1以外,其他元素的变异系数均低于0.5。其中,Cd、Pb、Cr含量于灞河入渭处达到峰值,Co和Mn在黑河入渭处达到峰值,Cu和Zn在清姜河入渭处达到峰值, Sb、As和Ni分别于沙王渡、咸阳铁桥和林家村处达到峰值。相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析表明,Cd、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn主要来源于以工业源和生活源为主的污染源;Sb、As主要来源于农业和地球化学污染源。     

黄河调水调沙对黄河口海域双酚A的影响

于2011年6—7月黄河调水调沙前、中期、后对黄河口海域双酚A(BPA)污染情况进行调查,研究了调水调沙对黄河口海域双酚A的影响。结果表明:黄河口13个站位表层海水和沉积物中均有双酚A检出,以调水调沙前测得的海水和沉积物中双酚A含量评估黄河口附近双酚A的污染程度。海水中双酚A浓度范围为13.6—64.0 ng/L,平均浓度为26.2 ng/L;沉积物中双酚A的浓度为0.559—2.73μg/kg干重,平均浓度为1.19μg/kg,是海水中平均含量的48倍。黄河河口区域海水中双酚A浓度受调水调沙影响而呈现较大变化,调水调沙后双酚A浓度明显增加,调水调沙前、后呈显著性差异(P0.01),说明陆源输入是黄河口区域中双酚A的主要污染来源。离入海口近的站位沉积物中双酚A浓度受调水调沙影响较大,呈显著性差异(P0.01),调水调沙后含量显著降低。黄河口海域已经遭受双酚A污染,存在生态安全问题。