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81.
森林群落中植物种群分布格局测定和分析的结果,密切依赖于野外取样的技术手段及资料的可靠性。本文通过鼎湖山自然保护区三个不同森林群落类型的取样,比较了随机样方、相邻格子样方、中心点四分法、最近相邻法和最近个体法在野外操作、数据整理以及种群分布格局测定分析中的效用,对各方法在南亚热带森林群落中进行种群分布格局研究中的适用性予以客观评价。研究表明,同一样地中不同取样方法和测定方法会导致不同结果。随机样方取样数据的测定结果受样方大小影响,而几种无样地方法在种类复杂的群落中,应用受到限制。相邻格子样方适用于各群落类型中种群分布格局的测定与分析。 相似文献
82.
民族植物学定量研究中的取样方法 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
定量方法在民族植物学研究中越来越占有重要的地住,但民族植物学定量研究中有关取样方面还存在着一些不同的看法。笔者针对云南省金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县的拉祜族民间草医所使用的药用植物资源和草医对不同生境中药用植物的利用情况进行了取样,并以此对民族植物学中有关取样中存在的问题进行了讨论。结果表明不同生境中民族植物学的取样面积与植物生态学中的取样面积比较相近。所以在进行民族植物学野外取样时,司以针对具体的生境和植被特点来借用植物生态学中对该类生境或植被所采用的最小取样面积。 相似文献
83.
在研究菱角萤叶甲各虫态空间分布型的基础上,利用负二项公共Kc值;Iwao回归式中的α,β;Teylor幂法则中的a,b以及Morisita的I_δ求得理论抽样模型,从而导出在不同置信度t,不同的平均虫口密度(?)和不同允许误差D下的理论抽样数.同时利用Kuno(1969),Iwao(1975)和Willson(1983)提出的序贯抽样法,得到菱角萤叶甲各虫态的序贯抽样模型,并对这些模型进行比较.最后,结合Kuno和Iwao模型获得了菱角萤叶甲各虫态的Kuno-Iwao复合序贯抽样法,从而大大减少了在某种情况下的抽样数. 相似文献
84.
The species–area relationship (SAR) is one of the few generalizations in ecology. However, many different relationships are denoted as SARs. Here, we empirically evaluated the differences between SARs derived from nested-contiguous and non-contiguous sampling designs, using plants, birds and butterflies datasets from Great Britain, Greece, Massachusetts, New York and San Diego. The shape of SAR depends on the sampling scheme, but there is little empirical documentation on the magnitude of the deviation between different types of SARs and the factors affecting it. We implemented a strictly nested sampling design to construct nested-contiguous SAR (SACR), and systematic nested but non-contiguous, and random designs to construct non-contiguous species richness curves (SASRs for systematic and SACs for random designs) per dataset. The SACR lay below any SASR and most of the SACs. The deviation between them was related to the exponent f of the power law relationship between sampled area and extent. The lower the exponent f, the higher was the deviation between the curves. We linked SACR to SASR and SAC through the concept of “effective” area (Ae), i.e. the nested-contiguous area containing equal number of species with the accumulated sampled area (AS) of a non-contiguous sampling. The relationship between effective and sampled area was modeled as log(Ae) = klog(AS). A Generalized Linear Model was used to estimate the values of k from sampling design and dataset properties. The parameter k increased with the average distance between samples and with beta diversity, while k decreased with f. For both systematic and random sampling, the model performed well in predicting effective area in both the training set and in the test set which was totally independent from the training one. Through effective area, we can link different types of species richness curves based on sampling design properties, sampling effort, spatial scale and beta diversity patterns. 相似文献
85.
86.
Heidrun Feuchtmayr Dermot McKee Ian F. Harvey David Atkinson Brian Moss 《Hydrobiologia》2007,584(1):425-432
There is increasing concern about the effect of climate change on aquatic systems. We examined changes in macroinvertebrate
communities caused by increased temperature (3°C above ambient during summer only and continuous 3°C above ambient all year
round), influences of fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) and addition of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in 48 large-scale (3000 l) tanks over a 2 year period. While numbers
of Isopoda, Chaoborus, Corixidae, Ephemeroptera, Notonectidae and Odonata were reduced by the presence of fish, nutrient addition caused isopods,
corixids, mayflies and odonates to increase in abundance. Impacts of temperature increase were surprisingly low, with only
gastropods increasing in heated tanks, suggesting that, overall abundances of most macroinvertebrate taxa will not be severely
affected by the predicted temperature rise. To determine if taxa were sampled representatively during the experiment, net
sweep samples taken towards the end of the experiment were compared with final macroinvertebrate abundances when the complete
contents of each tank were harvested. We found that net sweeping is an appropriate semi-quantitative method for most taxa
in mesocosm tanks. However, mites, coleopteran adults and larvae, dipterans and Chaoborus were not adequately sampled. This might explain why we could not detect any treatment effects of temperature, fish or nutrients
on mites, coleopterans and dipterans and calls for different sampling techniques for these taxa, especially in ponds with
vegetation stands. 相似文献
87.
G.-Y. Zhong C. O. Qualset 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,91(6-7):1064-1073
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy is a weedy annual diploid (2n = 14, VV genomes) allogamous grass species (Poaceae, Triticeae). Genetic variation for 12 traits was studied in 43 natural populations (31 from Italy and 12 from Croatia and Montenegro of former Yugoslavia) grown in a common field environment in California. Although 7 of 12 traits followed the theoretical prediction that a larger proportion of genetic variation was distributed within populations than among populations, exceptions were found for spike length, plant height, and days to flag-leaf emergence, heading, and anthesis. Covariate analysis showed that developmentally closely related characters were more likely correlated at both population and family within population levels. Geographically closer populations shared more genetic similarity than distant populations as indicated by mean coefficients of variation and cluster analysis of the Euclidean distances among populations. As few as five populations, each population with five or more half-sib seeds taken randomly from 5 plants, is expected to capture more than 95% of the total genetic variation of this species in the region sampled, but sampling a much larger number of seeds per population (> 1000) for long-term storage would supply research and plant breeding needs for several decades. If seed regeneration is required, populations can be sampled from clusters having similar genetic variation, and grown in reproductive isolation or bulked seed samples from all populations of each cluster group can be grown in isolation. The former is recommended if population integrity is desired while the latter is sufficient to provide genetic resources for plant-breeding purposes. 相似文献
88.
Michael A. Huffman Shunji Gotoh Linda A. Turner Miya Hamai Kozo Yoshida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(2):111-125
A longitudinal study of nematode infection in chimpanzees was conducted between 1989 and 1994 on the M group chimpanzees of
the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania during two annual dry and rainy season periods and a third rainy season. Chemical
and physical antiparasite properties of medicinal plant use against the strongyle nematodeOesophagostomum stephanostomum have recently been reported at Mahale. Here, the incidence of nematode infections were analyzed for seasonal trends to elucidate
the possible influence of parasite infection on previously reported seasonality of medicinal plant use and to test the hypothesis
that the use of these plants is stimulated byO. stephanostomum. The number of chimpanzees infected byO. stephanostomum was significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season of both 1989–1990 and 1991–1992. However, the incidence
ofTrichuris trichura andStrongyloides fuelleborni showed no seasonality. Reinfection of individuals byO. stephanostomum occurred in synchrony with annual variation in rainfall: there was a sharp rise in the occurrence of new infections per individual
within one to two months after the beginning of the first heavy rains of the season. This pattern coincides with the reproductive
cycle of this nematode species.O. stephanostomum (95%) infections were associated significantly more frequently with medicinal plant use than eitherT. trichiura (50%) orS. fuelleborni (40%) infections. These observations are consistent with previous reports for the increased use of these plants during the
rainy season and are consistent the hypothesis that medicinal plant use is stimulated byO. stephanostomum infection. 相似文献
89.
90.
本文证明了ρ(组内相关系数)是ρ的渐近无偏估计,讨论了Fisher近似公式的精确性,并提出了新的计算公式。 相似文献