红根草内酯的化学结构

前文曾报道从红根草(Salvia prionitis Hance)中分得新二萜醌类化合物去氢丹参新酮,红根草对醌,3-羰基红根草对醌及新天然产物红根草邻醌等成分。在进一步研究红根草的活性成分时,又分得一新的二萜醌类化合物——红根草内酯(Ⅰ)。红根草内酯为浅黄色棱形结晶,熔点205—206℃,分子式 C_(15)H_(14)O_3(~1H RMS M~+242.0938)。红外光谱示 v-内酯(1750cm~(-1)),芳香环(1505,1485 cm~(-1))以及酚羟基     

The significance of genetic erosion in the process of extinction

Summary The amount of genetic variation within a population is, among other things, related to population size. In small populations loss of genetic variation due to high levels of genetic drift and inbreeding may result in decline of individual fitness and increase the chance of population extinction. This chain of processes is known as genetic erosion. In this study we tested the genetic erosion hypothesis by investigating the relation between morphological variation and population size in two perennial, outbreeding plant species, Salvia pratensis and Scabiosa columbaria. To relate phenotypic variation to genetic variation the experiments were performed under common environmental conditions. For both species a positive correlation was observed between the amount of phenotypic variation and population size (Salvia r=0.915; Scabiosa r=0.703). Part of this variation is likely to have a genetic base, although maternal effects were present in the seedling and juvenile life stages. Differences between populations could in both species be attributed to parameters related to fitness, i.e. growth rate in Salvia and reproductive effort in Scabiosa. Discriminant functions reflecting these parameters did not however discriminate between large and small populations.Results are discussed in relation to the common environment approach and to electrophoretic results obtained earlier (Van Treuren et al. 1991).     

Host plant finding in the specialised leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata: an analysis of small-scale movement behaviour

Abstract.  1. Host plant finding in walking herbivorous beetles is still poorly understood. Analysis of small-scale movement patterns under semi-natural conditions can be a useful tool to detect behavioural responses towards host plant cues.
2. In this study, the small-scale movement behaviour of the monophagous leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was studied in a semi-natural arena ( r = 1 m). In three different settings, a host ( Salvia pratensis L., Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a non-host ( Rumex conglomeratus Murr., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), or no plant was presented in the centre of the arena.
3. The beetles showed no differences in the absolute movement variables, straightness and mean walking speed, between the three settings. However, the relative movement variables, mean distance to the centre and mean angular deviation from walking straight to the centre, were significantly smaller when a host plant was offered. Likewise, the angular deviation from walking straight to the centre tended to decline with decreasing distance from the centre. Finally, significantly more beetles were found on the host than on the non-host at the end of all the trials.
4. It is concluded that C. canaliculata is able to recognise its host plant from a distance. Whether olfactory or visual cues (or a combination of both) are used to find the host plant remains to be elucidated by further studies.     

通督调神针法联合丹参川芎嗪注射液对脑卒中后抑郁患者血清神经营养指标和单胺类神经递质的影响

摘要 目的：探讨丹参川芎嗪注射液联合通督调神针法对脑卒中后抑郁（PSD）患者血清神经营养指标和单胺类神经递质的影响。方法：病例选取自2020年3月-2021年9月期间东莞市中医院针灸科收治的98例PSD患者,入选的患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组（丹参川芎嗪注射液治疗,49例）和研究组（通督调神针法联合丹参川芎嗪注射液治疗,49例）,两组均治疗6周。观察两组治疗6周后的临床疗效,对比两组中医证候积分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）-17、巴氏指数（BI）、血清神经营养指标[胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）]和单胺类神经递质[去甲肾上腺素（NE）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）和多巴胺（DA）]变化,记录两组不良反应发生率。结果：研究组的临床总有效率为91.84%（45/49）,优于对照组的67.35%（33/49）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组治疗6周后中医证候总积分、HAMD-17评分低于对照组,BI评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗6周后IGF-1低于对照组,BDNF高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗6周后NE、5-HT、DA高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：通督调神针法联合丹参川芎嗪注射液治疗PSD患者,可促进症状改善,调节神经营养指标,促进单胺类神经递质表达,是一种安全有效的治疗方案。     

转TaLEA1基因丹参植株的耐盐与耐旱性

TaLEA1基因是一个从小麦中克隆得到的编码胚胎晚期丰富蛋白的基因,用农杆菌EHA105（含卡那霉素抗性基因表达载体PBI121-TaLEA1）介导的叶盘转化法将其转入丹参（Salviamiltiorrhiza Bunge）组织培养苗中,在50mg/L卡那霉素选择压下连续筛选,并扩繁和生根培养,获得了7个丹参转基因株系。经PCR扩增,初步验证得到6个阳性株系,再继代4次后,Southern杂交结果表明已获得了一个能稳定遗传的转基因株系。该株系在含1%NaCl和8%PEG6000培养基中的生长状态优于野生型,表明转入TaLEA1基因可改善丹参组培苗的耐盐和耐旱性。     

香紫苏叶片表面微区元素成分分析研究

目的:对药用植物和香料植物香紫苏叶片表面结构进行观察,同时对叶片表面的元素种类和含量进行分析。方法:利用Quanta 200扫描电镜对香紫苏叶片表面进行观察,利用EDAX-9100能谱仪对选定区域进行元素种类和含量的线扫描和面扫描分析。结果:香紫苏叶片表面被覆大量表皮毛,且香紫苏叶片表皮毛中的C、O和K元素含量明显高于其他部位,其他元素分布则比较均匀。结论:电子探针可以快速对叶片表面特定区域以及特殊结构进行元素种类和含量分析。     

水杨酸对丹参培养细胞中迷迭香酸生物合成及其相关酶的影响

迷迭香酸(RA)是丹参中一种重要的酚酸类次生代谢物。为探讨水杨酸(SA)诱导子对丹参悬浮培养细胞中RA的生物合成及其相关酶的影响,考察了SA诱导子和酪氨酸氨基转移酶(TAT)的竞争性抑制剂(AOPP)对RA合成积累量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和TAT活性的影响。发现在培养的第6天用浓度为6.25 mg/L的SA处理后,PAL活性在诱导后4 h出现高峰,为对照组水平的124%;RA的积累量在诱导后8 h出现峰值(5.914±0.296)mg/g。用浓度为0.1μmol/L的AOPP处理,6 h后AOPP对TAT活性影响较小(与对照组无显著差异),但明显抑制了PAL活性(为对照组水平的44%),且在PAL活性明显降低的同时RA的积累量显著减少(4.709±0.204)mg/g。进一步用0.1μmol/L AOPP和6.25 mg/L SA共处理,AOPP对PAL的抑制作用可得到一定程度的缓解,且RA的积累量较AOPP单独处理的高。表明SA可以诱导丹参悬浮培养细胞中RA积累量的增加,且在RA合成过程中PAL的限速作用比TAT明显。     

丹参中硫堇基因SmTHI的克隆和表达分析

丹参EST序列的Blast分析表明,一条序列与硫堇（thionin,THI）基因有较高的同源性,该序列长575bp,包含1个长366bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码121个氨基酸,命名为SmTHI,GenBank登陆号为DQ212984。在此基础上设计引物,分别从cDNA和gDNA水平上克隆到该基因的全编码区序列的结果表明,该基因无内含子。序列分析表明,该编码蛋白与大多数植物的THI蛋白前体高度同源,并符合植物硫堇类蛋白的序列模式和特征：C—C—x（5）．R．x（2）-[FY]-x（2）-C,N端具17个氨基酸的信号肽,中间46个氨基酸为成熟THI部分,C端的58个氨基酸为酸性多肽部分。成熟的THI蛋白带正电荷,偏碱性,推测可能有抗病原微生物活性。实时定量PCR检测SmTHI在丹参不同组织部位的表达以及在黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌（PSL）、NaCl和水杨酸（sA）溶液诱导下的表达结果表明：SmTHI在植物的根、茎和叶中均有不同程度的表达,其表达丰度为叶〉茎〉根：在PSL、NaCl和sA溶液诱导下该基因的表达呈上调趋势。     

Methyl jasmonate effect on diterpenoid accumulation in Salvia sclarea hairy root culture in shake flasks and sprinkle bioreactor

Hairy root cultures of Salvia sclarea were grown in shake flasks and 10 L nutrient sprinkle bioreactor, running for 30 days and the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on their growth and capacity to accumulate diterpenoids were measured. We found that MJ concentration and exposure time to the elicitor were factors that strongly affected the diterpenoid production. The highest diterpenoid accumulation (67.5 ± 7.1 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, calculated as a sum of ferruginol, salvipisone, aethiopinone and 1-oxoaethiopinone) without reduction of biomass, was achieved when the 23-day-old hairy roots in bioreactor culture were exposed to 125 μM MJ for 7 days. The roots produced 9 and 3.8 times as much aethiopinone (40 ± 5.9 mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and salvipisone (12.6 ± 0.4 mg g⁻¹ dry weight), respectively, as roots cultured in shake flasks. Our results imply that cultivation of S. sclarea hairy roots in sprinkle bioreactor after elicitation with MJ may be valuable to enhance production of the bioactive diterpenoids.