Profiling of Compositions of Essential Oils and Volatiles of Salvia limbata Using Traditional and Advanced Techniques and Evaluation for Biological Activities of Their Extracts

In the present work, the essential oils and volatiles from flowers, leaves, and stems of Salvia limbata obtained using microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation, solvent‐free microwave extraction, headspace‐assisted analysis, and headspace‐solid phase microextraction have been characterized for the first time. The results have been also compared with those from traditional separation techniques involving hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Regardless of some common compounds in all of the profiles, some dissimilarities were noted due to the use of different extracting approaches. Taking into account the chemical categories, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were found as the most represented group of natural compounds contributing to the chemical profiles. It was also noted that the methanol extracts obtained from the flowers of Sal. limbata showed a desirable antioxidant activity, comparable to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. Furthermore, using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods, all the tested bacteria demonstrated weak to moderate and moderate to strong sensibilities to the MeOH extracts obtained from different plant parts of Sal. limbata.     

Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oils from Spain: Determination of Composition,Antioxidant Capacity,Antienzymatic, and Antimicrobial Bioactivities

Four essential oils (EO s) from Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Spain (Murcia Province) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC /MS ) to determine their relative and absolute compositions. The main components were α ‐thujone (22.8 – 41.7%), camphor (10.7 – 19.8%), 1,8‐cineole (4.7 – 15.6%), and β ‐thujone (6.1 – 15.6%). Enantioselective gas chromatography identified (?)‐α ‐thujone and (+)‐camphor as the main enantiomers in all the analyzed EO s. Furthermore, when the EO s were tested to determine their antioxidant activity against free radicals and as ferric reducing and ferrous chelating agents, all were seen to have moderate activity due to the compounds they contained, such as linalool or terpinene. Because of their known relation with inflammatory illnesses and Alzheimer 's disease, respectively, the inhibition of lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase was studied using the EO s. Some individual compounds also inhibited these enzymes. In addition, the studied EO s were able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans . The characterization carried out increases our awareness of the possible uses of S . officinalis EO as natural additives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.     

Interspecific pollen transfer between two coflowering species was minimized by bumblebee fidelity and differential pollen placement on the bumblebee body

Aims When sympatric flowering plant species in a natural community share pollinators, study of plant–plant interactions via interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) is essential for understanding species coexistence. However, little is known about the extent of IPT between interactive species and its causes.Methods To explore how sympatric flowering plants sharing pollinators minimize deleterious effects of IPT, we investigated the pollination ecology of two endemic species, Salvia przewalskii and Delphinium yuanum, in an alpine meadow in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. We quantified conspecific and interspecific visits by shared bumblebee pollinators, amounts of pollen placed on different body sites of the pollinators and stigmatic pollen loads on open-pollinated flowers. To examine whether IPT affects female fitness, we measured pollen germination and seed production in the two species in an artificial pollination experiment.Important findings One bumblebee species, Bombus trifasciatus, was found to be the sole effective pollinator for the two coflowering species. Pollination experiments indicated that deposition of heterospecific pollen could significantly decrease seed set in both species. Experiments showed that S. przewalskii pollen could germinate well on stigmas of D. yuanum, inhibiting conspecific pollen germination in D. yuanum. However, seed set was not lower under open pollination than under cross-pollination within species, suggesting that no female fitness loss was caused by IPT. In foraging bouts with pollinator switches, switches from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum were relatively more frequent (8.27%) than the converse (1.72%). However, IPT from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum accounted for only 1.82% of total stigmatic pollen loads while the reverse IPT to S. przewalskii was 8.70%, indicating that more switches of bumblebees to D. yuanum did not result in higher IPT. By contrast, selection for reduced IPT to S. przewalskii would limit pollinator switches from D. yuanum. We found that a bumblebee generally carried pollen grains from both species but the two species differed in the position of pollen placement on the bumblebee's body; S. przewalskii ' s pollen was concentrated on the dorsal thorax while D. yuanum ' s pollen was concentrated ventrally on the head. This differential pollen placement along with pollinator fidelity largely reduced IPT between the two species with a shared pollinator.     

舌瓣鼠尾草退化杠杆雄蕊的相关花部特征及传粉机制

杠杆状雄蕊是鼠尾草属(Salvia)物种形成的关键性状, 背部杠杆传粉模式作为该属植物与传粉者精确互作的经典案例被广泛深入研究, 但是在该属物种中还存在许多非典型的杠杆结构和传粉模式。雄蕊结构及其与传粉者互作的多样性, 使得鼠尾草属成为研究植物传粉模式转变的模式材料, 舌瓣鼠尾草(S. liguliloba)即是一种具非典型的退化杠杆状雄蕊结构和传粉特征的代表性物种。该文着重对舌瓣鼠尾草的花器官结构和传粉特征进行研究, 并与具有短药隔杠杆的毛地黄鼠尾草 (S. digitaloides)做比较分析, 以期揭示退化杠杆可能的进化选择压力及其生态学意义。结果表明, 舌瓣鼠尾草具有较短的花冠、更窄的冠筒和较短的雄、雌蕊(p < 0.05)。退化萎缩的雄蕊下臂, 冠筒内的狭小空间限制了唯一的有效传粉昆虫——三条熊蜂(Bombus trifasciatus)推动雄蕊做杠杆状运动, 而是靠近花药直接利用头部完成授粉。相比经典的杠杆状雄蕊结构及其传粉过程, 小型花冠和退化杠杆雄蕊是对专一性和活跃度较高传粉昆虫的适应, 可能具有完全不同的进化途径和繁殖策略。     

杠杆状雄蕊及其进化生态学意义

对被子植物一类特化雄蕊——杠杆状雄蕊的结构多样性及其进化生态学意义进行了归纳总结。植物的花在进化过程中, 常会发生雄蕊群的改变, 包括雄蕊数目及其形态结构的变化, 同时雄蕊功能也会发生相应的适应性转变。杠杆状雄蕊是指结构特化为杠杆状或距状, 在传粉过程中具有类似杠杆功能的一类特化的雄蕊类型。目前, 已在唇形科不同亚科以及姜科6个属中发现杠杆状雄蕊, 根据其结构和形态发生方式总体上可分为2大类: 一类是唇形科中以鼠尾草属(Salvia)为代表的, 由2个可育雄蕊平行发育、药隔组织增长所形成的杠杆状雄蕊; 另一类是姜科植物中由一个可育雄蕊特化形成的带有距状附属体的雄蕊类型。在生态功能上, 两类雄蕊均能通过传粉者推动其距状下臂做杠杆运动进行传粉, 被认为是一种促进异交的传粉机制, 可通过精确传粉和花粉分发等途径影响植物的繁殖成功。杠杆状雄蕊在不同的类群中是独立起源与进化的; 仅在唇形科鼠尾草属中, 杠杆状雄蕊发生了3次独立进化, 而且它可能是触发该属物种适应性辐射的关键性状。将来需在宏观进化和微观进化两个水平深入探讨杠杆状雄蕊的进化生态学意义。     

一种丹参高质量总RNA的提取方法

高质量RNA的获得是开展丹参分子生物学研究的基础。采用异硫氰酸胍(Guanidine Thiocyanate,GT)法、尿素法、CTAB法、苯酚法和热硼酸改良法等五种方法．以丹参组织培养的幼苗为材料,进行丹参RNA的分离试验,发现所采用的几种方法获得的RNA都有不同程度的降解。分析可能是由于丹参中含有大量的多糖以及各种次生代谢成分造成的。在分析现有结果的基础上对GT法进行了改良,在第二次沉淀前附加低浓度乙醇(10％～20％)沉淀20min对于高质量总RNA的获得效果较好。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测改良后的GT法无论对于组织培养中幼嫩的根、茎、叶还是大田两年生的丹参根、茎、叶和种子均具有很好的RNA分离效果。mRNA电泳检测发现所得mRNA集中分布在500b～3kb之间且质量较高,完全可以满足丹参各种RNA相关的分子生物学实验要求,为丹参RT—PCR、Northern杂交等分子生物学实验提供了良好的基础。     

丹参活性成分的现代中药药理研究进展

对传统中药丹参中丹参酮、丹酚酸、丹参单体IH764-3三种主要活性成分及其近年来的中药药理学研究进展进行综述,为进一步开发利用这一传统中药提供理论依据。     

丹参四倍体优良品系有效成分的含量测定及药理学试验

运用HPLC法测定丹参（Sabuia miltiorrhiza Bunge）同源四倍体优良品系61－2－22及安徽、江苏和陕西产丹参不同部位、不同生长年限的有效成分（3种丹参酮和2种水溶性酚酸）含量。丹参品系61－2－22的有效成分含量明显高于其他产地丹参的含量;根中有效成分含量明显高于茎和叶的含量;丹参酮和丹参素的含量呈明显相关。初步药理实验结果表明,在相同剂量下,优良品系61－2－22具有更好的药理活性。     

腐殖酸对丹参生长的促进作用及其机理的研究

本文旨在研究腐殖酸对丹参生长的促进作用及其机理以提高丹以的产量和品质。水培试验研究表明：20ppm－80ppm腐殖酸促进了丹参根干物质的积累,80ppm时达到了最大,丹参根重比对照增加了49％,其作用机理是：通过提高根系活力,增加根系吸收能力,促进谷氨酸合成酶的活性、提高氮同化的效率,促进丹参根系分泌酸性磷酸酯酶以及改变体内酸性和中性磷酸酯酶的活性,以充分利用内的磷而适应低磷环境。