Anatomy,trichome morphology and palynology of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf (Lamiaceae)

The anatomy, palynology, morphology and distribution of the trichomes on the aerial parts of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf, an endemic species in Turkey, were studied in order to understand the usefulness of these characteristics for systematic purposes. Some anatomical characters such as (1–)2–24-rowed pith rays in roots, dorsiventral leaves, obviously larger upper epidermal cells, and two to three large vascular bundles in the center and two to four small subsidiary bundles in the wings of petiole provide information of taxonomical significance. Three main types of trichomes were observed on the stem, inflorescence axis, leaf and calyx surfaces of S. chrysophylla. They are peltate, capitate glandular and non-glandular. Capitate glandular and non-glandular trichomes were further subdivided into several kinds. Glandular trichomes are present in abundance on the inflorescence axis and calyx, but non-glandular ones were mainly situated on the leaf and stem. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies on the pollen grains have revealed that they are oblate-spheroidal and their exine ornamentation is bireticulate-perforate.     

丹参愈伤组织的诱导及增殖效应

以丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge)的幼叶、茎、叶柄为外植体,接种于附加2,4—D、MM、Kr、Zr、6—BA及其组合的hIs固体培养基上,结果发现单独使用四种植物生长调节物质在一定浓度范围均有愈伤组织产生;最佳组合的诱导培养基为MS 2,4—D0．5mg/L 6—BA1．0mg/L。进一步研究发现,在黑暗和光照培养条件下,愈伤组织增殖呈“S”型,且生长周期均为30天。     

Methyl jasmonate effect on diterpenoid accumulation in Salvia sclarea hairy root culture in shake flasks and sprinkle bioreactor

Hairy root cultures of Salvia sclarea were grown in shake flasks and 10 L nutrient sprinkle bioreactor, running for 30 days and the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on their growth and capacity to accumulate diterpenoids were measured. We found that MJ concentration and exposure time to the elicitor were factors that strongly affected the diterpenoid production. The highest diterpenoid accumulation (67.5 ± 7.1 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, calculated as a sum of ferruginol, salvipisone, aethiopinone and 1-oxoaethiopinone) without reduction of biomass, was achieved when the 23-day-old hairy roots in bioreactor culture were exposed to 125 μM MJ for 7 days. The roots produced 9 and 3.8 times as much aethiopinone (40 ± 5.9 mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and salvipisone (12.6 ± 0.4 mg g⁻¹ dry weight), respectively, as roots cultured in shake flasks. Our results imply that cultivation of S. sclarea hairy roots in sprinkle bioreactor after elicitation with MJ may be valuable to enhance production of the bioactive diterpenoids.     

Proline involvement in the common sage antioxidant system in the presence of NaCl and paraquat

To elucidate proline antioxidant properties in common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants, they were treated with paraquat (a producer of superoxide radical) and/or NaCl and also with paraquat and proline at the stage of 4–5 true leaves. The paraquat solution (1 ml containing 0.1 μmol of the agent) was applied to the leaf surface; NaCl (200 mM) and proline (the final concentration of 5 mM) were added to nutrient medium. Experimental plants were firstly kept in darkness for 12 h, then illuminated, and in 3, 6, and 12 h, leaves and roots were fixed for biochemical analyses. The results obtained are in agreement with the supposition of proline antioxidant properties. In particular, it was established that paraquat induced a slight increase in the proline level in the leaves during dark period of plant growth and also during subsequent 3 h after light switching on. This transient proline accumulation in the leaves was accompanied by its level decrease in the roots. Proline addition to the nutrient medium of paraquat-treated plants neutralized paraquat damaging action on the leaves. In the presence of paraquat, proline treatment reduced the accumulation in the roots of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation. It also affected indirectly the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and free, covalently bound, and ionically bound peroxidases. Keeping in mind that, in the presence of paraquat, superoxide-induced changes in SOD activity in the roots were negatively correlated with the level of proline, which content was the highest during the last hours of experiments, we can conclude that proline antioxidant effects are manifested only after 12 h of stressor action, whereas antioxidant enzymes are involved in ROS scavenging during the earlier stage of damaging factor action.     

珍稀药用植物红根草野生及离体快繁群体的遗传多样性

红根草是一个有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危药材植物。为了更好地了解红根草野生和组培快繁种质的遗传多样性信息,本文用RAPD和ISSR分子标记技术,对红根草4个野生种群及一个离体快繁群体进行遗传多样性分析,为物种保护和繁育提供理论依据。结果显示,在物种水平上,该物种的遗传多样性水平中等,Nei基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon信息多样性指数（I）和多态性位点百分率（PPL）分别为0.237/0.248（RAPD/ISSR,下同）、0.365/0.380和78.4%/81.1%;遗传变异大多数（70.5%/81.5%）发生在种群内、少部分（29.5%/18.5%）发生在种群间;野生种群的基因流为1.21/2.20,但UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,距离35km以上的种群遗传分化明显,因此推测基因流动主要存在于种群内,地理距离是种群分化的主要原因。在居群水平上,H、I和PPL三项遗传多样性参数分别为0.167/0.202、0.253/0.303和51.7%/58.0%;离体快繁群体的RAPD分析结果显示,其遗传多样性高于其原野生种群,这一结果暗示,离体快繁过程中可能发生了体细胞变异,这些变异与RAPD-PCR区域有关。     

Water and methanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis protect HepG2 cells from t-BHP induced oxidative damage

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is an aromatic and medicinal plant well known for its antioxidant properties. Some in vivo studies have shown the biological antioxidant effects of sage. However, the intracellular antioxidant mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the cytoprotective effects of two sage extracts (a water and a methanolic extract) against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. The most abundant phenolic compounds present in the extracts were rosmarinic acid and luteolin-7-glucoside. Both extracts, when co-incubated with the toxicant, protected significantly HepG2 cells against cell death. The methanolic extract, with a higher content of phenolic compounds than the water extract, conferred better protection in this in vitro model of oxidative stress with liver cells. Both extracts, tested in a concentration that protects 80% against cell death (IC(80)), significantly prevented t-BHP-induced lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion, but not DNA damage assessed by the comet assay. The ability of sage extracts to reduce t-BHP-induced GSH depletion by 62% was probably the most relevant contributor to the observed cytoprotection. A good correlation between the above cellular effects of sage and the effects of their main phenolic compounds was found. When incubated alone for 5h, sage extracts induced an increase in basal GSH levels of HepG2 cells, which indicates an improvement of the antioxidant potential of the cells. Compounds present in sage extracts other than phenolics may also contribute to this latter effect. Based in these results, it would be of interest to investigate whether sage has protective effects in suitable in vivo models of liver diseases, where it is known that oxidative stress is involved.     

Profiling of Compositions of Essential Oils and Volatiles of Salvia limbata Using Traditional and Advanced Techniques and Evaluation for Biological Activities of Their Extracts

In the present work, the essential oils and volatiles from flowers, leaves, and stems of Salvia limbata obtained using microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation, solvent‐free microwave extraction, headspace‐assisted analysis, and headspace‐solid phase microextraction have been characterized for the first time. The results have been also compared with those from traditional separation techniques involving hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Regardless of some common compounds in all of the profiles, some dissimilarities were noted due to the use of different extracting approaches. Taking into account the chemical categories, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were found as the most represented group of natural compounds contributing to the chemical profiles. It was also noted that the methanol extracts obtained from the flowers of Sal. limbata showed a desirable antioxidant activity, comparable to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. Furthermore, using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods, all the tested bacteria demonstrated weak to moderate and moderate to strong sensibilities to the MeOH extracts obtained from different plant parts of Sal. limbata.     

丹参中硫堇基因SmTHI的克隆和表达分析

丹参EST序列的Blast分析表明,一条序列与硫堇（thionin,THI）基因有较高的同源性,该序列长575bp,包含1个长366bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码121个氨基酸,命名为SmTHI,GenBank登陆号为DQ212984。在此基础上设计引物,分别从cDNA和gDNA水平上克隆到该基因的全编码区序列的结果表明,该基因无内含子。序列分析表明,该编码蛋白与大多数植物的THI蛋白前体高度同源,并符合植物硫堇类蛋白的序列模式和特征：C—C—x（5）．R．x（2）-[FY]-x（2）-C,N端具17个氨基酸的信号肽,中间46个氨基酸为成熟THI部分,C端的58个氨基酸为酸性多肽部分。成熟的THI蛋白带正电荷,偏碱性,推测可能有抗病原微生物活性。实时定量PCR检测SmTHI在丹参不同组织部位的表达以及在黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌（PSL）、NaCl和水杨酸（sA）溶液诱导下的表达结果表明：SmTHI在植物的根、茎和叶中均有不同程度的表达,其表达丰度为叶〉茎〉根：在PSL、NaCl和sA溶液诱导下该基因的表达呈上调趋势。     

鼠尾草属植物二萜类化学成分的研究进展

鼠尾草属植物富含二萜类化合物,该类成分不仅具有结构的多变性,而且具有广泛的生物活性。该综述就近十年来从鼠尾草属植物中发现的新二萜类化合物及其生物活性进行总结。     

丹参种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,在10℃和25℃下,种子入水10min后吸水量即可达到种子原重的4．5倍左右,至2h吸水量分别达到原重的10．5和11．7倍。温度对种子的吸水速率无明显的影响。丹参种子发芽的最适宜温度在25～30℃,在实验室条件下,采用滤纸床25℃时,一级种子发芽率可达83％,混级种子为74％。同时发现,预先冷冻、PEG—4000引发和GA3浸种处理可以明显提高丹参种子的发芽率。采用超声波处理和PEG引发技术可以使贮藏1a的陈种子发芽率达到45％以上。