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31.
Changes in glycerol production and two parameters related to energy metabolism i. e. the heat production rate and the ATP pool, were assayed during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Debaryomyces hansenii in 4 mM and 1.35 M NaCl media. For both of the yeasts, the specific ATP pool changed during the growth cycle and reached maximum values around 10 nmol per mg dry weight in both types of media. The levels of glycerol were markedly enhanced by high salinity. In the presence of 1.35 M NaCl, D. hansenii retained most of its glycerol produced intracellularly, while S. cerevisiae extruded most of the glycerol to the environment. The intracellular glycerol level of S. cerevisiae equalled or exceeded that of D. hansenii, however, with values never lower than 3 mol per mg dry weight at all phases of growth. When D. hansenii was grown at this high salinity the intracellular level of glycerol was found to correlate with the specific heat production rate. No such correlation was found for S. cerevisiae. We concluded that during salt stress, D. hansenii possesses the capacity to regulate the metabolism of glycerol to optimize growth, while S. cerevisiae may not be able to regulate when exposed to different demands on the glycerol metabolism. 相似文献
32.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) from the chick brain was purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by affinity chromatography, electrofocusing and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate analysis in polyacrylamide gel. By sedimentation equilibrium analysis and gel electrophoresis analysis, it was shown that the enzyme has a subunit molecular weight of 45,000 and a native molecular weight of 364,000, which is consistent with an octameric structure. Sedimentation analysis in the presence of Mg2+ revealed three different forms of macromolecules corresponding respectively to a monomer, a tetramer and an octamer. Among eight cations tested (Ca2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Li+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) only Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ supported GS activity; the order of activatory ability was Mg2+>Co2+>Mn2+. The maximum activating effect of Mn2+ occurs only within a very narrow range of concentration: with an excess of cation causing strong inhibition of GS activity. For each cation, maximal GS activity occurs at a defined cation/ATP ratio. A regulatory system in which Mn2+, modulates the Mg2+ dependent GS activity, is proposed; such cation interactions may be of significance in the intracellular control of glutamine synthesis. 相似文献
33.
Philippe Lejeune Philippe Bertin Corinne Walon Karine Willemot Charles Colson Antoine Danchin 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1989,218(2):361-363
Summary Spontaneous mutants of Escherichia coli K12 displaying an increased level of the kanamycin resistance conferred by plasmid pGR71 were selected. Several mutants obtained in this way apparently carry large chromosomal deletions extending into galU and/or bglY (27 min). This positive selection of deletions allowed detection of a new locus located between galU and bglY. Deletions of this locus are responsible for increased resistance to kanamycin (Irk), decreased resistance to l-serine in minimal medium (Drs) and decreased resistance to chloramphenicol (Drc) when a cat gene is present in the bacteria. 相似文献
34.
Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent
RICHARD M. BATEMAN ORPAH S. FARRINGTON 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1989,100(3):205-218
BATEMAN, R. M. & FARRINGTON, O. S., 1989. Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent. Univariate and multivariate morphometric analyses of Orchis simia Lam. from its two remaining naturally-founded populations in Britain (Goring, Oxfordshire and Faversham, Kent) reveal only minor morphological differences between the populations and suprisingly low levels of intra-population variation. This probably reflects recent founding from Continental seed at Faversham and penecontemporaneous, human-induced, catastrophic contraction of the gene pool at Goring. The apparently restricted gene pools of these populations may adversely effect their long-term survival. 相似文献
35.
Ecological genetics of salt resistance in the clonal perennial, Agrostis stolonifera L. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
C. KIK 《The New phytologist》1989,113(4):453-458
36.
George W. Uetz 《Oecologia》1989,81(2):154-159
Summary Increased prey capture efficiency in colonial spiders is a consequence of the ricochet effect, as prey are captured after they bounce off several webs in succession. In this study, the prey capture of three species of colonial spiders in the genus Metepeira from Mexico are compared. These species, from different habitats, show varying levels of social organization (group size and withingroup spacing) that affect prey capture from ricochets. Metepeira sp. a (a presumed new species tentatively named atascadero) from desert grassland habitats, occur solitarily or in small groups, and gain little from prey ricochets: prey capture rates are low and variance in prey captured/spider is high. M. spinipes, from mesic agricultural sites, occur in groups of 10–150, and show a ricochet effect resulting in more and larger prey, and reduced variance in capture rate. M. incrassata, from tropical rainforest/agricultural sites, occur in large colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals, and show a similar ricochet effect. The ricochet effect does not influence taxonomic composition of prey in either M. atascadero or M. spinipes, but does in tropical M. incrassata. This result, however, is primarily due to the capacity of certain taxa (eg., Lepidoptera), more common in the tropics, to escape more easily from spider webs. A comparison of prey capture efficiency of colonial M. incrassata with that of solitary M. atascadero shows that the ricochet effect provides an increase in efficiency across all size classes of prey. 相似文献
37.
Summary Three high marsh communities on the Chesapeake Bay were exposed to a doubling in ambient CO2 concentration for one growing season. Open-top chambers were used to raise CO2 concentrations ca. 340 ppm above ambient over monospecific communities of Scirpus olneyi (C3) and Spartina patens (C4), and a mixed community of S. olneyi, S. patens, and Distichlis spicata (C4). Plant growth and senescence were monitored by serial, nondestructive censuses. Elevated CO2 resulted in increased shoot densities and delayed sensecence in the C3 species. This resulted in an increase in primary productivity in S. olneyi growing in both the pure and mixed communities. There was no effect of CO2 on growth in the C4 species. These results demonstrate that elevated atmospheric CO2 can cause increased aboveground production in a mature, unmanaged ecosystem. 相似文献
38.
Careful cutting of the hypocotyl of Ricinus communis L. seedlings led to the exudation of pure sieve-tube sap for 2–3 h. This offered the possibility of testing the phloem-loading system qualitatively and quantitatively by incubating the cotyledons with different solutes of various concentrations to determine whether or not these solutes were loaded into the sieve tubes. The concentration which was achieved by loading and the time course could also be documented. This study concentrated on the loading of sucrose because it is the major naturally translocated sieve-tube compound. The sucrose concentration of sieve-tube sap was approx. 300 mM when the cotyledons were buried in the endosperm. When the cotyledons were excised from the endosperm and incubated in buffer, the sucrose concentration decreased gradually to 80–100 mM. This sucrose level was maintained for several hours by starch breakdown. Incubation of the excised cotyledons in sucrose caused the sucrose concentration in the sieve tubes to rise from 80 to 400 mM, depending on the sucrose concentration in the medium. Thus the sucrose concentration in the sieve tubes could be manipulated over a wide range. The transfer of labelled sucrose to the sieve-tube sap took 10 min; full isotope equilibration was finally reached after 2 h. An increase of K+ in the medium or in the sieve tubes did not change the sucrose concentration in the sievetube sap. Similarly the experimentally induced change of sucrose concentration in the sieve tubes did not affect the K+ concentration in the exudate. High concentrations of K+, however, strongly reduced the flow rate of exudation. Similar results were obtained with Na+ (data not shown). The minimum translocation speed in the sieve tubes in vivo was calculated from the growth increment of the seedling to be 1.03 m·h-1, a value, which on average was also obtained for the exudation system with the endosperm attached. This comparison of the in-vivo rate of phloem transport and the exudation rate from cut hypocotyls indicates that sink control of phloem transport in the seedlings of that particular age was small, if there was any at all, and that the results from the experimental exudation system were probably not falsified by removal of the sink tissues.Abbreviations PTS
3-hydroxy-5,8, 10-pyrenetrisulfonate 相似文献
39.
Comparative biochemical and immunological studies of the glycine betaine synthesis pathway in diverse families of dicotyledons 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Elizabeth A. Weretilnyk Sebastian Bednarek Kent F. McCue David Rhodes Andrew D. Hanson 《Planta》1989,178(3):342-352
Members of the Chenopodiaceae can accumulate high levels (>100 mol·(g DW)-1) of glycine betaine (betaine) in leaves when salinized. Chenopodiaceae synthesize betaine by a two-step oxidation of choline (cholinebetaine aldehyde betaine), with the second step catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, EC 1.2.1.8). High betaine levels have also been reported in leaves of species from several distantly-related families of dicotyledons, raising the question of whether the same betaine-synthesis pathway is used in all cases.Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry showed that betaine levels of >100 mol·(g DW)-1 are present in Lycium ferocissimum Miers (Solanaceae), Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), and Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthaceae), that salinization promotes betaine accumulation in these plants, and that they can convert supplied choline to betaine aldehyde and betaine. Nicotiana tabacum L. and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. (Solanaceae), Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) and Ipomoea purpurea L. (Convolvulaceae) also contained betaine, but at a low level (0.1–0.5 mol·(g DW)-1. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays, immunotitration and immunoblotting demonstrated that the betaine-accumulating species have a BADH enzyme recognized by antibodies raised against BADH from Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae), and that the Mr of the BADH monomer is in all cases close to 63 000. These data indicate that the cholinebetaine aldehydebetaine pathway may have evolved by vertical descent from an early angiosperm ancestor, and might be widespread (albeit not always strongly expressed) among flowering plants. Consistent with these suggestions, Magnolia x soulangiana was found to have a low level of betaine, and to express a protein of Mr 63 000 which cross-reacted with antibodies to BADH from Spinacia oleracea.Abbreviations BADH
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
- DCIMS
desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry
- FABMS
fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
- Mr
relative molecular mass
- PAGE
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TLC
thin-layer chromatography 相似文献
40.
Flavio Massimo Garlaschi Giuseppe Zucchelli Robert Charles Jennings 《Photosynthesis research》1989,20(3):207-220
An experimental analysis is presented concerning the effect on relative light absorption by the two photosystems caused by (a) a highly light scattering environment (the detour effect) and (b) light filtration across successive chloroplast layers (the light attenuation effect). Both suspensions of isolated chloroplasts and leaves were employed.It is concluded that within a single spinach leaf these phenomena are likely to lead to only rather small increases in relative photosystem I absorption and activity with respect to photosystem II and will thus not exert a significant effect on non cyclic electron transport. On the contrary when light is filtrated across successive vegetation layers (shade light) significant increases in the relative PSI absorption and activity may be encountered.It is determined that the detour effect in mature leaves from a variety of plants increases overall photosynthetically useful light absorption by 35–40%.Abbreviations FM
maximal fluorescence
- LHCP2
light-harvesting chlorophyl a/b protein complex II
- QA-primary
quinone acceptor of photosystem II 相似文献