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901.
902.
Yoshihiro Mogami Hans Machemer 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,168(6):687-695
Summary Motor responses of cirri (= organelles consisting of bundles of cilia) in the protozoan Stylonychia are elicited by positive or negative shifts of the membrane voltage from its resting state. The same responses are evoked at voltages near the Ca2+ equilibrium potential (ECa) applying extremely positive steps under voltage clamp. Motor responses recorded at large positive voltages approaching ECa from the negative side corresponded to cirral activation following physiological depolarization from the resting potential (DCA). The hyperpolarization-induced activation of the cirri (HCA) was documented during step potentials positive to ECa, suggesting that the observed HCA of the cirri resulted from an efflux of Ca2+ from the ciliary space as compared with DCA, which is related to Ca2+ influx. The ciliary responses were graded functions of the rising outward or inward driving force for Ca2+. Slopes of reciprocal plots of response latencies near ECa as a function of membrane potential indicate a removal of Ca2+ during HCA which exceeds the free intraciliary Ca2+ content at rest. It is suggested that this excess Ca2+ is released from axonemal binding sites. 相似文献
903.
904.
- 1. 1. The ventilatory and pulmonary gas exchange responses during moderate exercise can be appropriately modelled with first-order dynamics.
- 2. 2. A delay term, reflecting tissue-to-lung transit time, is needed for accurate characterization, however.
- 3. 3. The O2 uptake time constant ( reflects the enzymatically controlled tissue O2 utilization.
- 4. 4. is appreciably longer than , consequent to the tissue CO2 capacitance.
- 5. 5. As typically longer than , transient errors in alveolar and arterial blood gas tensions are predicted: small for PCO2 but much larger for PO2.
- 6. 6. At work rates above the lactate threshold, a slow and delayed component of V̇O2 induces an additional V̇ component (“excess” V̇O2), leading to more rapid fatigue.
- 7. 7. The ventilatory compensation for the metabolic acidemia at these work rates is slow, with compensation being poor for rapid-incremental exercise.
- 8. 8. A justifiable control model of the coupling of ventilation to metabolism must cohere with these demonstrable physiological characteristics.
Keywords: Ventilation; pulmonary gas exchange; excess V̇O2; compensatory hyperpnea; model order 相似文献
905.
Gaetano Ciarcia Marina Paolucci Maria Maddalena Di Fiore 《Molecular reproduction and development》1993,35(3):257-260
An in vitro superfusion method was used to test sex hormone release from different kinds of ovarian follicle (growing follicles, postovulatory follicles, and atretic follicles) in the lizard Podarcis sicula sicula. Sex hormone output changes with the stage of follicle evolution and sexual cycle. Previtellogenetic follicles prevail in early-spring quiescent ovaries and secrete mainly progesterone, which is probably utilized at that phase to delay ovarian resumption. In the active ovary, progesterone output from previtellogenetic follicles decreases, whereas vitellogenetic follicles produce a significant amount of 17β-estradiol, which is necessary for sustaining vitellogenin synthesis by the liver and oviduct growth. As follicles become ripe, progesterone production is resumed, and it increases in young postovulatory follicles. This is in line with the functions assigned to the hormone at that phase of the sexual cycle, i.e., the induction of oocyte maturation and the regulation of egg retention in the oviduct. Postovulatory follicles can also synthetize 17β-estradiol. After oviposition, this hormone, which is secreted by the old postovulatory follicles, can reinitiate vitellogenin synthesis, allowing the development of a new oocyte set. Our data confirm that active, although ephemeral, corpora lutea are also formed in oviparous species. A limited contribution to ovarian sex steroid production derives also from atretic follicles, at least at the early stages of the breeding cycle. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
906.
The effect of -alanyl-L-histidinato zinc (AHZ) on bone metabolism was investigated in osteoblastic MC3T3-El cells. Cells were cultured for 3 days at 37°C in a CO2 incubator in plastic dishes containing -modified minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After the cultures, the medium was exchanged for that containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin plus various concentrations of AHZ or other reagents, and the cells were cultured further for appropriate periods of time. The presence of AHZ (10–7–10–5M) stimulated the proliferation of cells. AHZ (10–6 and 10–5M) increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content in the cells with 48hr-culture. This increase was completely blocked by the presence of cycloheximide (10–6M) or hydroxyurea (10–3M). Also, the presence of cycloheximide (10–6M) completely inhibited the AHZ (10–5M)-induced increase in the proliferation of cells. Meanwhile, parathyroid hormone (10–7M), estrogen (10–9M) and insulin (10–M) significantly increased cellular DNA content. However, these hormonal effects clearly lowered in comparison with that of AHZ (10–5M). Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10–4M) and zinc sulfate (10–5M) did not cause a significant increase in cellular DNA content. The present results support the view that AHZ has a direct specific proliferative effect on osteoblastic cellsin vitro and that this effect is dependent on protein synthesis. 相似文献
907.
Bain PA Schuller KA 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2012,161(4):392-397
The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is capable of reducing complex lipid hydroperoxides in addition to hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. Mammals express three GPx4 isoforms that are targeted to nucleoli, mitochondria or cytosol via variable amino termini. To better understand the role of this important antioxidant enzyme in marine finfish, we determined the subcellular localisation of a GPx4 homologue from southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii; SBT). We created constructs for the expression of the selenocysteine-to-cysteine mutant of SBT GPx4 (GPx4C) tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), including or lacking a putative amino-terminal signal peptide, and expressed the fusion proteins in a fish cell line. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the full-length GPx4C-EGFP fusion protein localised to the trans-Golgi, suggesting that tuna GPx4 may be directed to the secretory pathway. Anti-GFP immunoblotting of cell lysates and proteins from culture media showed that the secretion of SBT GPx4 into the culture medium required an amino-terminal signal peptide. According to available sequence data, the SBT GPx4 isoform studied here is representative of other piscine GPx4 isoforms, suggesting that the secretion of at least one GPx4 isoform may be common amongst teleost fish. 相似文献
908.
Zhang S Koh TH Seah WK Lai YH Elgar MA Li D 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1734):1824-1830
Spider webs are made of silk, the properties of which ensure remarkable efficiency at capturing prey. However, remaining on, or near, the web exposes the resident spiders to many potential predators, such as ants. Surprisingly, ants are rarely reported foraging on the webs of orb-weaving spiders, despite the formidable capacity of ants to subdue prey and repel enemies, the diversity and abundance of orb-web spiders, and the nutritional value of the web and resident spider. We explain this paradox by reporting a novel property of the silk produced by the orb-web spider Nephila antipodiana (Walckenaer). These spiders deposit on the silk a pyrrolidine alkaloid (2-pyrrolidinone) that provides protection from ant invasion. Furthermore, the ontogenetic change in the production of 2-pyrrolidinone suggests that this compound represents an adaptive response to the threat of natural enemies, rather than a simple by-product of silk synthesis: while 2-pyrrolidinone occurs on the silk threads produced by adult and large juvenile spiders, it is absent on threads produced by small juvenile spiders, whose threads are sufficiently thin to be inaccessible to ants. 相似文献
909.
Ghrelin was first identified and characterized from rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHS-R). Ghrelin also acts as an orexigenic factor and regulates energy balance in rodents. In goldfish, native ghrelin consists of 11 molecular variants, the major form being a 17-residue peptide with n-octanoic acid modification (n-octanoyl ghrelin17), and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of n-octanoyl ghrelin17 induces central actions such as stimulation of food intake and suppression of locomotor activity through capsaicin-sensitive afferents. Four types of GHS-Rs (1a-1, 1a-2, 2a-1 and 2a-2) have been identified in goldfish, and one GHS, GHRP-6, can activate only GHS-R2a-1 in vitro. However, there is no information about the effect of GHRP-6 on food intake and locomotor activity in goldfish in vivo. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether IP-administered GHRP-6 would mimic the orexigenic action of n-octanoyl ghrelin17 and its suppression of locomotor activity. IP administration of GHRP-6 at 1pmol/g body weight (BW) stimulated food intake, and was equipotent to the orexigenic action of n-octanoyl ghrelin17 at 10 pmol/g BW. IP-injected GHRP-6 at 1 pmol/g BW also induced a significant decrease of locomotor activity, as was the case for IP-injected n-octanoyl ghrelin17 at 10 pmol/g BW. The action of GHRP-6 was blocked by IP-preinjected capsaicin at 160 nmol/g BW. These results suggest that the central action of GHRP-6 might be mediated via the GHS-R2a-1-signaling pathway, and subsequently through capsaicin-sensitive afferents in goldfish. 相似文献
910.
Garcia-Manyes S Badilla CL Alegre-Cebollada J Javadi Y Fernández JM 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(24):20240-20247
Muscle elasticity strongly relies on the mechanical anchoring of the giant protein titin to both the sarcomere M-band and the Z-disk. Such strong attachment ensures the reversible dynamics of the stretching-relaxing cycles determining the muscle passive elasticity. Similarly, the design of biomaterials with enhanced elastic function requires experimental strategies able to secure the constituent molecules to avoid mechanical failure. Here we show that an engineered titin-mimicking protein is able to spontaneously dimerize in solution. Our observations reveal that the titin Z1Z2 domains are key to induce dimerization over a long-range distance in proteins that would otherwise remain in their monomeric form. Using single molecule force spectroscopy, we measure the threshold force that triggers the noncovalent transition from protein dimer to monomer, occurring at ~700 piconewtons. Such extremely high mechanical stability is likely to be a natural protective mechanism that guarantees muscle integrity. We propose a simple molecular model to understand the force-induced dimer-to-monomer transition based on the geometric distribution of forces occurring within a dimeric protein under mechanical tension. 相似文献