西藏墨脱县孟加拉虎种群数量调查

孟加拉虎曾在西藏墨脱县各乡镇均有分布记录,但自2002年后该地区未见确认报道。2013—2018年间,我们利用红外相机技术、信息网络收集法和足迹鉴定法调查了墨脱县孟加拉虎的9个潜在分布区域。结果显示,墨脱县仅存1~3只孟加拉虎非定居个体,仅在旱季(每年10月至来年3月)游荡活动于背崩乡、墨脱镇雅鲁藏布江南岸区,以及格当乡金珠藏布南岸区。该区域内孟加拉虎的保护前景不容乐观,其原因是多方面的。本文提出如下建议以加强针对野生孟加拉虎的保护:(1)继续加强虎的基础性监测;(2)加强针对偷盗猎活动的野外巡护与执法管理;(3)加强对原始森林的保护;(4)改善原住民生计,加强宣传教育,以减少对自然资源的消耗;(5)恢复与建立景观廊道,改善栖息地连通性,以促进虎的自然扩散;(6)加强不同机构与参与方之间的合作研究和技术交流。     

Plant Remains from an Archaeological Site as Indicators of Vegetation and Agricultural Practice Between (3320±400) and (2080±80) yr BP in Gangetic West Bengal, India

Diverse plant remains recovered from an archaeological site of Chalcolithic-Early Historic age in the Bhairabdanga area of Pakhanna (latitude 23°25′N, longitude 87°23′E), situated on the west bank of the Damodar river, Bankura district, West Bengal, India, include food grains, wood charcoals, and palynomorphs. Radiocarbon dating of the recovered biological remains reveal the age of the site as (3320±400) to (2080±80) yr BP. The food grains were identified as Oryza sativa L. and Vigna mungo L, and seeds of Brassica cf.campestris L. were also found; these indicate the agricultural practice and food habits of the ancient people living at Pakhanna from the Chalcolithic to the Early Historic period. Sediments including plant remains have been broadly divided into two zones, considering archaeological findings and radiocarbon dating. Analysis of the plant remains (i.e. wood charcoals and palynomorphs) in addition to cultivated food grains has revealed that a rich vegetation cover existed in this area, with a prevailing tropical and humid climate,comprising the timber-yielding plants Shorea sp., Terminalia sp., and Tamarindus sp., with undergrowths of diverse shrubs and herbs during the Chalcolithic period (zone Ⅰ) dated (3320±400) yr BP. Comparatively poorer representation and frequency of plant remains indicate a drier climate during the Early Historic period (zone Ⅱ) dated as (2110±340) to (2080±80) yr BP. Comparisons of the archaeobotanical data recovered from the Chalcolithic and Early Historic period and also a principle components analysis indicate a change in the climate of the area from tropical and humid at (3 320 ± 400) yr BP to tropical and drier conditions at (2110±340) to (2080±80) yr BP. The present-day tropical, dry deciduous vegetation of the area suggests that climate change has occurred in the area since the contemporaneous past. The plant remains database has been utilized to reconstruct the settlement pattern of the community living in the site between (3320±400) and (2080±80) yr BP. The community settled near the riverbank, practicing cultivation.     

Plant Remains from an Archaeological Site as Indicators of Vegetation and Agricultural Practice Between (3 320 ± 400) and (2 080 ± 80) yr BP in Gangetic West Bengal, India

Diverse plant remains recovered from an archaeological site of Chalcolithic‐Early Historic age in the Bhairabdanga area of Pakhanna (latitude 23°25′N, longitude 87°23′E), situated on the west bank of the Damodar river, Bankura district, West Bengal, India, include food grains, wood charcoals, and palynomorphs. Radiocarbon dating of the recovered biological remains reveal the age of the site as (3 320 ± 400) to (2 080 ± 80) yr BP. The food grains were identified as Oryza sativa L. and Vigna mungo L, and seeds of Brassica cf. campestris L. were also found; these indicate the agricultural practice and food habits of the ancient people living at Pakhanna from the Chalcolithic to the Early Historic period. Sediments including plant remains have been broadly divided into two zones, considering archaeological findings and radiocarbon dating. Analysis of the plant remains (i.e. wood charcoals and palynomorphs) in addition to cultivated food grains has revealed that a rich vegetation cover existed in this area, with a prevailing tropical and humid climate, comprising the timber‐yielding plants Shorea sp., Terminalia sp., and Tamarindus sp., with undergrowths of diverse shrubs and herbs during the Chalcolithic period (zone I) dated (3 320 ± 400) yr BP. Comparatively poorer representation and frequency of plant remains indicate a drier climate during the Early Historic period (zone II) dated as (2 110 ± 340) to (2 080 ± 80) yr BP. Comparisons of the archaeobotanical data recovered from the Chalcolithic and Early Historic period and also a principle components analysis indicate a change in the climate of the area from tropical and humid at (3 320 ± 400) yr BP to tropical and drier conditions at (2 110 ± 340) to (2 080 ± 80) yr BP. The present‐day tropical, dry deciduous vegetation of the area suggests that climate change has occurred in the area since the contemporaneous past. The plant remains database has been utilized to reconstruct the settlement pattern of the community living in the site between (3 320 ± 400) and (2 080 ± 80) yr BP. The community settled near the riverbank, practicing cultivation. (Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)     

L-SOD发挥活性作用的可能机制

氧化剂、还原剂处理前后,Ｌ－ＳＯＤ的活性及紫外光谱发生变化,Ｈ２Ｏ２使Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）吸收增强,同时钝化Ｌ－ＳＯＤ的活性;加入保险粉后,Ｌ－ＳＯＤ重新活化,Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）吸收减弱．ＮＥＭ封闭Ｃｙｓ后,Ｌ－ＳＯＤ紫外吸收谱发生变化,且活性减弱．说明Ｆｅ辅基及Ｃｙｓ是活性发挥的必需基团．     

Pleurotus species convert monoterpenes to furanoterpenoids through 1,4-endoperoxides

Enzymatic synthesis of furanoterpenoids from β-myrcene and related monoterpenes was observed using a solubilised enzyme fraction of mycelium lyophilisates of several Pleurotus species. The initial enzymatic step, the incorporation of molecular oxygen into the conjugated 1,3-diene moiety, was similar to a 2 + 4 cycloaddition of 1,3-dienes with dienophilic ¹O₂, and was followed by a non-catalysed degradation sequence leading to the furans. The cyclic peroxides 3,6-dihydro-4-(2-(3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)ethyl)-1,2-dioxine and 5-(3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin-4-yl)-2-methylpentan-2-ol were identified as key intermediates. Biotransformation of β-myrcene in ¹⁸O-labelled HEPES-buffer did not yield a detectable label in perillene, so a water addition to 3,10-epoxy-β-myrcenes as an alternative was ruled out. The pathway suggested presents a substantiated biogenetic scheme for the formation of monoterpenoid furans and opens biotechnological access to valuable natural flavour compounds, such as perillene and rosefurane. Only one metabolite, identified as the new natural compound 6-methyl-2-methylene-hept-5-enal, carried the ¹⁸O-label. The enzymatic formation of this compound through a 1,2-endoperoxide (3-(5-methyl-1-methylene-hex-4-enyl)-[1,2]-dioxetane) is suggested. The label may simply result from a chemical oxygen exchange between the carbonyl group and the ¹⁸O-labelled water.     

Role of Phenylurea Cytokinin CPPU in Apical Dominance Release in In Vitro Cultured Rosa hybrida L.

Abstract The effect of purine (BA) and phenylurea (CPPU) cytokinins on apical dominance release in in vitro cultured Rosa hybrida L., cv. Madelon and Motrea was evaluated. Cv. Madelon shows stronger natural apical growth and fewer branches than cv. Motrea in vivo and in vitro. We examined the effects under three conditions, without the addition of the auxin IBA, in the presence of IBA, and in material pretreated with a pulse of IBA. Results were scored weekly for 4 weeks. BA and CPPU stimulated axillary bud break, and higher numbers of open buds were recorded in the presence of CPPU. When CPPU cytokinin was added to culture medium, physiologic features such as bud sprouting and shoot fresh and dry weight were enhanced. CPPU was also highly efficient for overcoming IBA inhibition of bud outgrowth. Different cultivar responses were observed. Received 27 April 1999; accepted 23 February 2000     

Flower proteome: changes in protein spectrum during the advanced stages of rose petal development

Flowering is a unique and highly programmed process, but hardly anything is known about the developmentally regulated proteome changes in petals. Here, we employed proteomic technologies to study petal development in rose (Rosa hybrida). Using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we generated stage-specific (closed bud, mature flower and flower at anthesis) petal protein maps with ca. 1,000 unique protein spots. Expression analyses of all resolved protein spots revealed that almost 30% of them were stage-specific, with ca. 90 protein spots for each stage. Most of the proteins exhibited differential expression during petal development, whereas only ca. 6% were constitutively expressed. Eighty-two of the resolved proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and annotated. Classification of the annotated proteins into functional groups revealed energy, cell rescue, unknown function (including novel sequences) and metabolism to be the largest classes, together comprising ca. 90% of all identified proteins. Interestingly, a large number of stress-related proteins were identified in developing petals. Analyses of the expression patterns of annotated proteins and their corresponding RNAs confirmed the importance of proteome characterization.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Construction of an integrated map of rose with AFLP, SSR, PK, RGA, RFLP, SCAR and morphological markers

A high-density genetic map with a number of anchor markers has been created to be used as a tool to dissect genetic variation in rose. Linkage maps for the diploid 94/1 population consisting of 88 individuals were constructed using a total of 520 molecular markers including AFLP, SSR, PK, RGA, RFLP, SCAR and morphological markers. Seven linkage groups, putatively corresponding to the seven haploid rose chromosomes, were identified for each parent, spanning 487 cM and 490 cM, respectively. The average length of 70 cM may cover more than 90% of the rose genome. An integrated map was constructed by incorporating the homologous parental linkage groups, resulting in seven linkage groups with a total length of 545 cM. The present linkage map is currently the most advanced map in rose with regard to marker density, genome coverage and with robust markers, giving good perspectives for QTL mapping and marker-assisted breeding in rose. The SSR markers, together with RFLP markers, provide good anchor points for future map alignment studies in rose and related species. Codominantly scored AFLP markers were helpful in the integration of the parental maps.     

Anticonflict effects of rose oil and identification of its active constituents

The present study investigates the pharmacologically active constituents of rose oil, which possesses anti-conflict effects. Analysis using GC/MS revealed that rose oil contains 9 substances that were identified as myrcene, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl acetate, eugenol, geranyl acetate and methyl eugenol. We examined the effects of each of these substances using the Geller and Vogel conflict tests in ICR mice. Myrcene, benzyl alcohol and citronellyl acetate did not produce any effects in either tests. Geranyl acetate and methyl eugenol produced no effect in the Geller conflict test. Geraniol and eugenol decreased the response rate during the safe period of the Geller conflict test, but did not affect the response rate during the alarm period. In contrast, 2-phenethyl alcohol and citronellol, like rose oil, produced an increasing effect on the response rate during the alarm period in the Geller conflict test. In addition, both chemicals increased the number of electric shocks mice received in the Vogel conflict test in a manner similar to that of rose oil. Given that 2-phenethyl alcohol and citronellol produced the same anti-conflict effects in both tests as rose oil, we concluded that they are the pharmacologically active constituents of anti-anxiety-like effect of rose oil.