花叶开唇兰（兰科）大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

花叶开唇兰的胚珠倒生,双珠被,薄珠心．雌配子体发育属蓼型,成熟胚囊７细胞．大小孢子发生过程中壁上都有胼胝质出现．小孢子四分体为四面体形,左右对称形,交叉形,Ｔ形,它们聚集成花粉小块．花粉散出时为２细胞型．药室壁４层,绒毡层底分泌型．     

金线莲的开花特性

于1990~1992年对野生和人工栽培的金线莲开花特性进行观察:花期为9月中旬至11月上旬,开花时间多在午夜,气温22~26℃、相对湿度86%~95%时开花多;高地比低处开花早,后开的花不稔。     

春梢叶损失对刺梨生长和果实产量与品质的影响机理分析

2017年以3年生的‘贵农5号’刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Tratt.)为材料,于5月初开花期前采用人工摘叶的方法,对试验树当年春梢进行失叶率20%、40%、60%和80% 处理,以不摘叶的植株为对照(CK),研究失叶后3年中不同失叶率处理对刺梨新梢生长、叶片营养元素含量、果实产量及品质的影响机理,分析摘叶后30 d内的失叶春梢中内源激素含量,存留叶的净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r),失叶当年刺梨果实中影响维生素C和黄酮合成积累的关键酶(GalLDH、MDHAR、DHAR、AAO、APX和PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS)的活性,探究失叶对刺梨生长和果实产量、品质及其相关生理特性的影响机理,为刺梨合理采叶量的确定和因灾失叶的损失评估提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)刺梨春梢失叶后会促进当年夏梢萌发,增加夏梢数量,抑制当年秋梢和翌年、第3年的新梢生长。(2)在摘叶后的30 d内,失叶春梢中IAA和ABA含量迅速降低,GA₁₊₃和ZR含量迅速增加,内源激素的变化对当年夏梢的萌发具有协同促进作用。(3)在摘叶后15 d内,春梢存留叶的P_n迅速增强,之后迅速减弱,失叶春梢存留叶在短期内具有明显的光合作用补偿反应,但难以长期持续。(4)春梢失叶率超过20%后,会导致刺梨植株的养分损失,尤其是叶中的N、P、K、Mg元素的损失极为严重,导致树势衰弱,新梢的正常生长受到抑制。(5)在刺梨果实维生素C和类黄酮物质合成积累的关键时期,果实中GalLDH、PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS的活性均随失叶率的增大而明显减弱,果实中的维生素C和类黄酮物质的含量也随之明显减少。研究发现,春梢失叶率过大会明显降低刺梨叶中的养分含量和果实的产量及品质,且这种不利影响可持续多年;在春季对果叶兼用的刺梨嫩叶进行采收利用时,采叶量应控制在20%内。     

玫瑰种群生物学研究进展

玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)原产于我国东部沿海、日本、朝鲜半岛和俄罗斯远东地区,18世纪作为园艺种引入欧洲后逃逸并入侵至北海和波罗的海周边多个国家以及北美沙质海岸,而中国野生种群却在过去30年间持续萎缩,成为珍稀濒危物种。从玫瑰种群生物学角度,通过文献比较和综合,在阐明玫瑰生态学特性和野生分布变化的基础上,全面论述了玫瑰种群在我国的生境退化、种群动态、种子繁殖、遗传多样性、濒危机理、保育方面的成果和悬疑问题;并结合欧洲入侵种群分布范围和敏感生境、对本地群落和物种的影响、种子繁殖、遗传变异、种群扩张和模拟预测、管理和控制方面的研究进展,分析了濒危种群和入侵种群数量动态、群落组成、幼苗更新、遗传变异、管理策略方面的差异及其影响因素;进而提出未来的玫瑰研究可从濒危种群和入侵种群的比较研究、种群和灌丛的动态监测、适合度相关性状的变异及其遗传基础、基于种群生物学的保育或控制4个方面为切入点,集中探索玫瑰种群濒危和入侵动态的规律、遗传基础和主要驱动力,为玫瑰保育和管理提供理论依据,为相似物种的适应和进化机制研究提供例证。     

Seasonal insectivory by Black‐headed Trogons,a tropical dry forest frugivore

ABSTRACT Fruit‐eating birds are important seed dispersers in tropical forests, but little is known about the extent to which they rely on insects or how their diets vary seasonally. We used field observations of focal adults to quantify the diets of adult and nestling Black‐headed Trogons (Trogon melanocephalus) at nine nests in a lowland dry forest in Costa Rica. From May 2004 to August 2004, we documented 540 food deliveries to nests and 1080 food items consumed by adults. Adult and nestling trogons were largely insectivorous, feeding mainly on moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Fruit accounted for only 10.5% of items consumed by adults and 2.2% of items delivered to nestlings (6.1% and 0.6% of estimated dry mass, respectively). Adult and nestling diets differed significantly in both composition and prey size, with adults consuming more fruit and fewer large insects (Phasmatodea and Mantodea) than nestlings and eating more types of arthropods and fruit. Although both adults and nestlings relied heavily on moth larvae, adults preferentially consumed small caterpillars and delivered large ones to their nestlings. In addition, the proportion of large caterpillars delivered to nests remained constant throughout the nestling period, whereas the proportion of large caterpillars eaten by adults declined significantly with nestling age. Overall, arthropods delivered to nests averaged 70% heavier than those consumed by adults (estimated dry mass). Our results suggest that Black‐headed Trogons time reproduction to coincide with arthropod rather than fruit abundance, a pattern that may be more common among omnivorous forest birds than previously recognized.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature seed-derived calli of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.)

A procedure for plant regeneration from immature seed-derived calli of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) via somatic embryogenesis is described. Embryogenic calli were initiated from immature seeds 2–3 weeks after anthesis on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators. Induced calli had a white, friable and nodular appearance with several proembryos. These calli were subcultured at 20-day intervals on MS medium containing 0.1–0.2 M galactose on which they grew rapidly; but somatic embryogenesis was inhibited. Somatic embryos were again induced from the subcultured calli after transferring to MS medium containing 0.1 M M fructose or sucrose but lacking growth regulators. After transferring these embryos (1–2 mm) to MS medium containing 0.1 M sorbitol, 3% of them germinated and grew into plantlets which showed sustained growth on the MS medium containing only 0.1 M sorbitol as the sole carbon source.     

Carbon dioxide-gassed fluorocarbon enhances micropropagation of rose (Rosa chinesis Jacq.)

The inert perfluorochemical (PFC) liquid, perfluorodecalin (Flutec PP6), has been used to increase the CO₂ supply to cultured shoots of Rosa chinensis Jacq. cv. Baby Love. Culture of shoots in semi-solid medium overlaying CO₂-gassed PFC (2 mbar; 5 min repeated every 7 days) for up to 42 days, increased biomass as reflected by significant (P<0.01) increases in shoot number, number of leaves per shoot and mean shoot fresh weight. Additionally, there were significant (P<0.01) increases in the number of roots and their fresh and dry weights following a further 10 days of culture on rooting medium prior to transfer of plants to the glasshouse. Treatment of cultured rose shoots with CO₂-gassed PFC also significantly reduced (P<0.01) the accumulation of phenolic compounds in roots. The total chlorophyll of aerial parts was unaffected, although total protein in shoots and roots was significantly (P<0.01) lower than in the control. The biotechnological implications of this novel cultural régime are discussed for the micropropagation of woody species. Received: 5 June 1996 / Revision received: 29 July 1996 / Accepted 19 August 1996     

Effects of thidiazuron on micropropagation of rose

Summary Rose (Rose hybrida L.) plants were micropropagated by axillary shoot proliferation method. Maximum number of microshoots per shoot tip explant were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 5 to 10&#x00B5;M thidiazuron (TDZ). The microshoots formed rooted plants on MS hormone-free medium. No difference in the rooting of microshoots produced on medium containing TDZ or N⁶-benzyladenine was observed. The regenerated plants were successfully transplanted to the field and appeared similar to the parent plant in morphologic features.     

Development of microsatellite markers in rose

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) from an enriched genomic library. Ten out of 13 microsatellites showed amplification and produced four to 12 polymorphic alleles per locus, with an average of 8.4 in Rosa multiflora. The average values of observed and expected heterozygosities among the 10 loci were 0.62 and 0.82, respectively. Thirteen microsatellites produced three to 22 genotypes with an average value of 11.4 in modern garden roses. The average value of the power of discrimination among the microsatellites was 0.79, ranging from 0.29 to 0.95.