刺梨活性冻干粉冷冻干燥工艺研究

研究了刺梨汁的真空冷冻干燥工艺,得到其冻干曲线,测定了刺梨汁的共融点,确定经济合理的装料量和工艺参数.根据本研究工艺参数真空冷冻干燥刺梨汁,较好的保持了SOD的活性.     

Xylem and Phloem Derived Polyamines during Flowering in Two Diverse Rose Species

Polyamine contents in xylem (root) and phloem (leaf) exudates in two diverse species of rose, viz. Rosa damascena Mill and Rosa bourboniana Desport, were analyzed before, during, and after flowering in the main flowering season, that is, April–May. Only free putrescine (Put) was detected in the xylem and phloem exudates at these time points, and it was high during the peak flowering period. In phloem, Put content was significantly higher in R. bourboniana than in R. damascena at all three stages; whereas in the xylem exudate it was relatively higher in R. damascena at the peak flowering period. A spray of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of the putrescine biosynthetic inhibitor ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), markedly decreased the flowering. This effect was reversed by application of Put alone or in combination with DFMO. The significance of this finding is discussed in light of polyamine translocation during flowering. *IHBT Communication: 0354     

A morphological study of the mycorrhiza ofEntoloma clypeatum f.hybridum onRosa multiflora

Mycorrhizas ofEntoloma clypeatum f.hybridum onRosa multiflora in the field in Japan were studied by stereo, light and electron microscopy. In most mycorrhizas, the root cap, meristem, and apical region of the cortex disappeared, but in a few mycorrhizas, these tissues remained. Fungal hyphae of the mycorrhizas invaded root tissues and branched palmately. Hyphae in contact with cortical cells were larger than those far from the root cells and contained many mitochondria, cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and transitional vesicles. Invading hyphae were undulate in the apical part of the mycorrhiza, and some of them lacked distinct organelles. Electron-dense granules accumulated in the root cells adjacent to the fungal hyphae. Both the remnants of the plant cells and the fungal hyphae were included in the amorphous materials on the tip of the stele. These observations suggest the destructive infection by fungal hyphae of the root cells and their collapse near the tip of the stele.     

Two genetic linkage maps of tetraploid roses

A tetraploid F₂ progeny segregating for resistance to black spot, growth habit, and absence of prickles on the stem and petioles was used to construct genetic linkage maps of rose. The F₁ of the progeny, 90–69, was created by crossing a black spot-resistant amphidiploid, 86–7, with a susceptible tetraploid, 82–1134. The F₁ was open-pollinated to obtain 115 seedlings. AFLP and SSR markers were used to eliminate seedlings produced through cross-fertilization. The remaining progeny set of 52 F₂ plants was used to study the inheritance of 675 AFLPs, one isozyme, three morphological and six SSR markers. AFLP markers were developed with three combinations of restriction enzymes, EcoRI/MseI, KpnI/MseI and PstI/MseI. Most of the markers appear to be in simplex or single-dose and segregated 3:1 in the progeny. One linkage map was constructed for each parent using only the single-dose markers. The map of 86–7 consists of 171 markers assigned to 15 linkage groups and covering more than 902 cM of the genome. The map of 82–1134 consists of 167 markers assigned to 14 linkage groups and covering more than 682 cM of the genome. In the AFLP analysis, EcoRI/MseI generated nearly twice as many markers per run than PstI/MseI. Markers developed with three restriction enzyme combinations showed a mixed distribution throughout the maps. A gene controlling the prickles on the petiole was located at the end of linkage group 7 on the map of 86–7. A gene for malate dehydrogenase locus 2 was located in the middle of linkage group 4 on the map of 86–7. These first-generation maps provide initial tools for marker- assisted selection and gene introgression for the improvement of modern tetraploid roses. Received: 20 June 2000 / Accepted: 13 January 2001     

多花蔷薇总RNA提取方法

根据总RNA完整性、纯度和得率筛选出适合多花蔷薇幼嫩根、叶总RNA的提取方法。结果表明,以CTAB/酸酚法提取的扦插苗根系总RNA、以LiCl-尿素法提取的扦插苗根、叶总RNA以及采用RNeasyPlantMiniKit试剂盒的改进方法提取的组培苗嫩叶总RNA电泳有清晰明亮的28S、18S条带,无降解;其A260/A280值为1.73~2.04,表明总RNA质量好。RT-PCR结果进一步证实所提取的总RNA能够用于分子生物学的各种下游实验。RNA得率分别为:根系和组培苗嫩叶120-140μg/g(fw),扦插苗嫩叶190-230μg/g(fw)。CTAB/酸酚法提取的嫩叶总RNA、SDS/酸酚法提取的根、叶总RNA有多糖污染,且有明显降解。TotalRNAisolationsystem(Z5111,Promega)试剂盒不适合提取多花蔷薇各组织总RNA。     

Evidence of apomixis in hemisexual dogroses, Rosa section Caninae

All members of Rosa section Caninae, dogroses are polyploid and characterized by their unbalanced meiosis, which in most cases leads to a pronounced morphological influence from the maternal parent. In a previous investigation on a pair of reciprocal crosses between two species in this section, Rosa dumalis and R. rubiginosa (2n=35), nine offspring plants (approximately 10%) did not receive any of the 21 RAPD markers present in the respective pollen parent. This was interpreted as a possible occurrence of apomixis. These nine plants have now been subjected to a further study with additional markers. Thirteen new RAPD markers showed the same result as in the previous investigation: none of the nine plants inherited any of the pollen donor markers. The reproducibility of the RAPD markers was checked by mixing DNA samples to obtain a series of artificial hybrids between the two parent plants. Twelve RAPD markers gave the expected result, whereas one marker appeared only 50% of the time. In addition, pollen viability, mean number of seeds per hip, mean seed weight, and mean weight of fruit flesh per hip have been studied on the four progeny groups: R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa plants which received pollen donor markers (PM plants), R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa plants which did not receive any pollen donor markers (NPM plants), R. rubiginosa×R. dumalis PM plants and R. rubiginosa×R. dumalis NPM plants. A canonical discriminant analysis based on these four reproductive characters separated the four progeny groups. There were significant differences between the two PM groups in all investigated characters, and also between the PM and the NPM groups in pollen viability. The result from the RAPD markers together with the differences in pollen viability between the PM and NPM progeny groups is taken as an indication that apomixis occurs within the Caninae section. Received: 13 October 1999 / Revision accepted: 28 January 2000     

Changes in leaf photosynthetic parameters with leaf position and nitrogen content within a rose plant canopy (Rosa hybrida)

This paper deals with changes in leaf photosynthetic capacity with depth in a rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Sonia) plant canopy. Measurements of leaf net CO₂ assimilation (A_l) and total nitrogen content (N_l) were performed in autumn under greenhouse conditions on mature leaves located at different layers within the plant canopy, including the flower stems and the main shoots. These leaves were subjected (i) to contrasting levels of CO₂ partial pressure (p_a) at saturating photosynthetic photon flux density (I about 1000 μ mol m ^{? 2} s ^{? 1}) and (ii) to saturating CO₂ partial pressure (p_a about 100 Pa) and varying I, while conditions of temperature were those prevailing in the greenhouse (20–38 °C). A biochemical model of leaf photosynthesis relating A_l to intercellular CO₂ partial pressure (p_i) was parameterized for each layer of leaves, supplying corresponding values of the photosynthetic Rubisco capacity (V_lm) and the maximum rate of electron transport (J_m). The results indicated that rose leaves growing at the top of the canopy had higher values of J_m and V_lm, which resulted from a higher allocation of nitrogen to the uppermost leaves. Mean values of total leaf nitrogen, N_l, decreased about 35% from the uppermost leaves of flower stem to leaves growing at the bottom of the plant. The derived values of non‐photosynthetic nitrogen, N_b, varied from 76 mmol_N m ^{? 2}_leaf (layer 1) to 60 mmol_N m ^{? 2}_leaf (layer 4), representing a large fraction of N_l (50 and 60% in layer 1 and 4, respectively). Comparison of leaf photosynthetic nitrogen (N_p = N_l–N_b) and I profiles supports the hypothesis that rose leaves acclimate to the time‐integrated absorbed I. The relationships between I and N_p, obtained during autumn, spring and summer, indicate that rose leaves seem also to acclimate their photosynthetic capacity seasonally, by allocating more photosynthetic nitrogen to leaves in autumn and spring than in summer.     

Relationships of microclimatic variables to colonization of rose debris by Botrytis cinerea and the biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea

Biological control of Botrytis cinerea by Clonostachys rosea is an alternative to chemical control of rose Botrytis blight in greenhouses. Environmental conditions affect the colonization of senescing and dead tissues by both fungi. The contribution of microclimatic variables to debris colonization/sporulation by both fungi was estimated by path coefficient analysis. We monitored daily values of: maximum, average, and minimum temperatures (T _max, T _ave, and T _min), and relative humidity (RH_max, RH_ave, and RH_min); accumulated rainfall; vapour pressure deficit average; hours with RH?>?90% (RH₉₀); and average temperature during RH₉₀ (T _ave90). Association of variables accumulated between the first and seventh day before sampling explained colonization/sporulation variation: R ²=0.81–0.86 for B. cinerea and 0.91–0.96 for C. rosea. RH_max and RH₉₀ were the main factors that directly favoured colonization/sporulation of both fungi. Colonization/sporulation negatively correlated with RH_min, T _min, and T _ave for B. cinerea and T _min, T _ave, and T _ave90 for C. rosea. The antagonist can suppress B. cinerea colonization/sporulation on rose debris under a wide range of environmental conditions.     

Supercritical Extraction of Carotenoids from Rosa canina L. Hips and their Formulation with β-Cyclodextrin

The purpose of this research was to preliminary assess the suitability of a new method for the preparation of a solid formulation in form of powder composed by β-cyclodextrin and the supercritical extract of Rosa canina hips. The method implies the extraction of carotenoids, in particular β-carotene, from freeze dried fruits of R. canina with supercritical CO₂ at 70 °C and 300 bar, in the presence of varying quantity of ethanol as entrainer. The obtained supercritical solution is then expanded at ambient conditions into an aqueous solution of β-cyclodextrin to favour the interaction between β-cyclodextrin and the lipophilic components of the extract. β-carotene solubility (mole fraction) in supercritical CO₂ or in supercritical CO₂/ethanol mixtures were in the order of 1 10⁻⁷. The β-carotene extracted from R. canina fruits (nearly 10 μg/g of dry matrix), interacts almost quantitatively with β-cyclodextrin affording a solid phase, which presents a low apparent solubility in water. Finally the interaction with β-cyclodextrin results in a higher concentration of the β-carotene trans- form relative to the cis- form in the extracted product when collected in an aqueous solution of β-cyclodextrin with respect to the extract in n-hexane.     

浙江蔷薇科新分类群

描述了浙江蔷薇科1新亚种和1新变种,并分别附有线条图。它们是:腺瓣蔷薇(新亚种)和遂昌红腺悬钩子(新变种)。腺瓣蔷薇与模式亚种单花合柱蔷薇区别在托叶、叶柄和萼片仅密被短柔毛而无腺毛,小叶片较大,两面近无毛或疏被短柔毛,伞房花序具1～3花,花瓣宽倒卵形。遂昌红腺悬钩子与模式变种红腺悬钩子区别在于花梗、小枝和老枝密被腺毛而无柔毛,小叶片两面具腺毛,萼片较长,长13～15mm,先端长尾尖。