雄性根田鼠的同胞竞争及其对同性个体的气味识别

采用两两互作实验并以尿标记来确定共居至成年的2雄性根田鼠同胞在行为竞争上的差异,之后在行为选择箱中分别观察它们对来自熟悉和陌生同性个体的新鲜尿气味的行为反应,以确定气味识别差异。结果表明：①雄性根田鼠两两互作时,尿标记的多少可以作为判断其社会等级的标准;②从属鼠对熟悉气味存在明显偏好,其对熟悉气味的访问时间、接近频次和自我修饰频次都显著高于陌生气味;③优势鼠则优先访问陌生气味,其对陌生气味的访问时间、嗅舔频次、嗅舔时间、自我修饰及反标记均显著高于熟悉气味;④对于陌生气味,优势鼠和从属鼠之间存在明显不同的行为反应模式。本实验结果提示,雄性根田鼠对同性尿气味识别的差异以及对陌生气味的行为反应,可能暗含着其领域防卫的信息。     

Nitrate production in the rhizosphere of Plantago species

Summary The production of nitrate in an old established dune grassland soil and its uptake by plants was studied by comparing amounts of mineral nitrogen and numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere on the one hand, and on the other accumulated nitrate and levels of nitrate reductase (NaR) of individual plants of three Plantago species,i. e., P. major, P. lanceolata andP. coronopus. For these three Plantago species andP. media basal levels of NaR in the absence of nitrate were determined in plants grown in culture solutions. The basal NaR levels ofP. major andP. media (species occurring on nutrient-rich soils) were significantly higher than those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus (species found on nutrient-poor soils). NaR activity increased in the presence of nitrate and was suppressed by ammonium.From the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and NaR activity in the leaves it was concluded that nitrate was produced in the root environments of the three Plantago species and that the compound was taken up by the plants. NaR activities and numbers of nitrifying bacteria were higher for individuals ofP. major than for those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus. No correlation was found between the ammonium levels and the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil, and no indications of inhibition of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere were obtained. For individuals ofP. lanceolata a correlation was found between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil and NaR activity in the leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the ecological habitats of the three species.Grassland Species Research Group Publication No.38.     

施氮肥和钙肥对烤烟根系形态、生理代谢及产量的影响

为了解氮肥和钙肥对烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)生长的影响,对成熟期烤烟的根系形态、生理代谢指标和产量进行了研究。结果表明,与施0.12 g kg^-1氮相比,施0.20 g kg^-1氮的烤烟根系最长侧根长、根系体积、根干重、叶干重和可溶性蛋白质含量均极显著升高,MDA含量极显著下降,SOD活性显著下降,但对侧根数、CAT活性和O₂^·的影响均不显著。施钙0.40 g kg^-1,根系体积、侧根数、CAT和SOD活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量均比对照提高,MDA含量和O₂^·则降低;施钙1.00 g kg^-1,最长侧根长、根干重和叶干重均提高。氮×钙互作对烤烟的最长侧根长、根系体积、根干重、叶干重和生理代谢指标的影响均极显著,但对侧根数的影响不显著。因此,施0.20 g kg^-1氮和0.40 g kg^-1钙能最大限度地改善烤烟根系形态、生理状况及提高产量。     

Larger adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratios in aerenchymatous roots of Zea mays in anaerobic media as a consequence of improved internal oxygen transport

Internal transport of O₂ from the aerial tissues along the adventitious roots of intact maize plants was estimated by measuring the concentrations of adenine nucleotides in various zones along the root under an oxygen-free atmosphere. Young maize plants were grown in nutrient solution under conditions that either stimulated or prevented the formation of a lysigenous aerenchyma, and the roots (up to 210 mm long) were then exposed to an anaerobic (oxygen-free) nutrient solution. Aerenchymatous roots showed higher values than non-aerenchymatous ones for ATP content, adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratios. We conclude that the lysigenous cortical gas spaces help maintain a high respiration rate in the tissues along the root, and in the apical zone, by improving internal transport of oxygen over distances of at least 210 mm. This contrasted sharply with the low energy status (poor O₂ transport) in non-aerenchymatous roots.Abbreviation AEC adenylate energy charge     

The effect of nitrate concentration in a flowing solution system on growth and nitrate uptake of twoPlantago species

Summary Juvenile plants ofPlantago lanceolata andP. major ssp.major were grown in a flowing solution system at 7.5 mM or 9.5 M NO₃. The parameters investigated were: RGR, shoot weight percentage, leaf length, length of main root axis, shoot concentrations of major ions and organic N, and the specific uptake rate for NO₃. At 9.5 M NO₃ growth ofP. major was not hampered, whereas shoot growth and leaf length ofP. lanceolata were reduced. The NO₃ concentration ofP. lanceolata decreased more than that ofP. major. The different performances of the species at 9.5 M NO₃ were associated with different specific uptake rates. In both treatments the root system ofP. major was shorter than that ofP. lanceolata. P. lanceolata accumulated more NO₃ in the leaves. The performance of thePlantago species is discussed in relation to the availability of nutrients in their habitats.Grassland Species Research Group. Publication no. 37.     

大豆和蚕豆苗期根系生长特征的比较

大豆和蚕豆是西北地区间套作生产中广泛种植的豆科作物,但二者在与禾本科作物间作时差异十分明显,蚕豆相对于大豆具有更强的竞争能力.从大豆和蚕豆的根系入手,研究了大豆和蚕豆在苗期根系生长发育和形态的差异.采用PVC管砂培装置,通过扫描仪扫描根系,用图像分析软件WinRHIZO进行了研究.结果表明,出苗42 d时,蚕豆根表面积是大豆根表面积的2.61倍;出苗14 d时,大豆根系在整个砂层中均有分布,而蚕豆根系只分布在表层;大豆根较细,大部分根的直径为0.2～1.0 mm,相对于大豆而言,蚕豆根较粗,大部分根直径为0.5～1.5 mm.蚕豆根较粗,所以有更大的表面积,而且它的根系分布在上层的比例大于大豆,这些因素决定了它的吸收能力强于大豆,能更好地利用上层土壤养分.这是蚕豆竞争能力强于大豆的原因之一.     

Leghaemoglobin within bacteroid-enclosing membrane envelopes from soybean root nodules

Methods are reported for the preparation from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root nodules, of well-washed, intact membrane envelopes containing bacteroids. The intact envelopes are of much lower density than the bacteroids within and therefore only low speed centrifugation (approx. 150 g) may be used. The optimum osmotic strength is 600 mOsm/kg H₂O. The envelope contents were recovered following mild osmotic shock and-or hard centrifugal packing at >10,000 g. Extracts prepared in this way contained leghaemoglobin (identified spectrophotometrically), low-molecular-weight fluorescent materials and other components which are yet to be identified. Envelope leghaemoglobin did not react with specific antibody until the envelopes were ruptured. ¹³¹I-Labelled leghaemoglobin or bovine serum albumin, added during initial breakage of nodule cells, was not released when envelopes were ruptured to release leghaemoglobin. It is therefore concluded that this leghaemoglobin is located within the envelope space and did not arise from adhering or occluded cytosol leghaemoglobin. Based on the number and dimensions of microscopically intact envelopes in these preparations, the concentration within that space was in the range 178–523 M. Based on these estimates, leghaemoglobin within envelopes represented about one third of the total amount present in the nodule cells. Flat-bed isoelectric focusing of partially-purified envelope leghaemoglobin demonstrated that the latter contained all of the leghaemoglobin components previously reported for soybean nodules and an additional minor component focusing between leghaemoglobins a and b.     

Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus replication in lateral roots is dependent on an activated meristem-derived signal

Summary. Viral invasion of the root system of Nicotiana benthamiana was studied noninvasively with a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector expressing the green-fluorescent protein (GFP). Lateral root primordia, which developed from the pericycle of primary roots, became heavily infected as they emerged from the root cortex. However, following emergence, a progressive wave of viral inhibition occurred that originated in the lateral-root meristem and progressed towards its base. Excision of source and sink tissues suggested that the inhibition of virus replication was brought about by the basipetal movement of a root meristem signal. When infected plants were inoculated with tobacco rattle virus (TRV) expressing the red-fluorescent protein, DsRed, TRV entered the lateral roots and suppressed the host response, leading to a reestablishment of TMV infection in lateral roots. By infecting GFP-expressing transgenic plants with TMV carrying the complementary GFP sequence it was possible to silence the host GFP, leading to the complete loss of fluorescence in lateral roots. The data suggest that viral inhibition in lateral roots occurs by a gene-silencing-like mechanism that is dependent on the activation of a lateral-root meristem. Received July 23, 2001 Accepted October 11, 2001     

Root tensile strength and root distribution of typical Mediterranean plant species and their contribution to soil shear strength

In Mediterranean environments, gully erosion is responsible for large soil losses. It has since long been recognized that slopes under vegetation are much more resistant to soil erosion processes compared to bare soils and improve slope stability. Planting or preserving vegetation in areas vulnerable to erosion is therefore considered to be a very effective soil erosion control measure. Re-vegetation strategies for erosion control rely in most cases on the effects of the above-ground biomass in reducing water erosion rates, whereas the role of the below-ground biomass is often neglected or underestimated. While the above-ground biomass can temporally disappear in semi-arid environments, roots may still be present underground and play an important role in protecting the topsoil from being eroded. In order to evaluate the potential of plant species growing in Mediterranean environments to prevent shallow mass movements on gully or terrace walls, the root reinforcement effect of 25 typical Mediterranean matorral species (i.e. shrubs, grasses herbs, small trees) was assessed, using the simple perpendicular model of Wu et al. (Can Geotech J 16:19–33, 1979). As little information is available on Mediterranean plant root characteristics, root distribution data were collected in SE-Spain and root tensile strength tests were conducted in the laboratory. The power root tensile strength–root diameter relationships depend on plant species. The results show that the shrubs Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. and Atriplex halimus L. have the strongest roots, followed by the grass Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv. The shrubs Nerium oleander L. and the grass Avenula bromoides (Gouan) H. Scholz have the weakest roots in tension. Root area ratio for the 0–0.1 m topsoil ranges from 0.08% for the grass Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss to 0.8% for the tree Tamarix canariensis Willd. The rush Juncus acutus L. provides the maximum soil reinforcement to the topsoil by its roots (i.e. 304 kPa). Grasses also increase soil shear strength significantly (up to 244 kPa in the 0–0.1 m topsoil for Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv.). The shrubs Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. and Anthyllis cytisoides L. are increasing soil shear strength to a large extent as well (up to 134 and 160 kPa respectively in the 0–0.10 m topsoil). Whereas grasses and the rush Juncus acutus L. increase soil shear strength in the topsoil (0–0.10 m) to a large extent, the shrubs Anthyllis cytisoides (L.), Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss., Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. and Atriplex halimus L. strongly reinforce the soil to a greater depth (0–0.5 m). As other studies reported that Wu’s model overestimates root cohesion values, reported root cohesion values in this study are maximum values. Nevertheless, the calculated cohesion values are used to rank species according to their potential to reinforce the soil.