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51.
Genetic variability in stress tolerance (heat, desiccation, and hypoxia) and fitness (virulence and reproduction potential) among natural populations of Steinernema carpocapsae was assessed by estimating phenotypic differences. Significant differences were observed in stress tolerance among populations. Populations isolated from North Carolina showed significantly more stress tolerance than those isolated from Ohio. Significant differences were also observed in populations isolated from the same locality. Survival of infective juveniles after exposure to 40°C for 2 h ranged from 37 to 82%. A threefold difference was observed in infective juvenile survival following exposure to osmotic desiccation or hypoxic condition. Several populations tested were superior to the most widely used strain (‘All’ strain) in stress tolerance traits, with one population KMD33, being superior to the ‘All’ strain in all traits. Fitness as expressed by virulence and reproductive potential differed significantly among populations but showed less variability than the stress tolerance traits. All populations tested had a reproductive potential greater than or similar to that of the ‘All’ strain and most of them caused >60% insect mortality of the wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella. The high genetic variability in stress tolerance among natural populations suggests the feasibility of using selection for genetic improvement of these traits. 相似文献
52.
53.
The efficacy of oxamyl in controlling Heterodera schachtii on cabbage was determined by applying various contbinations of soil drenches at 6.7 kg (a.i.)/ha and foliar sprays at 0.04 kg (a.i.)/100 liters of water to cabbage seedlings. Pretransplant drenches provided some control of H. schachtii over a 13-week period. A single foliar spray of oxamyl 1 week before transplanting apparently prevented penetration of H. schachtii larvae; post-transplant sprays were relatively ineffective. A pretransplant or transplant drench combined with a foliar application 2 weeks after transplanting provided the most effective control. The effectiveness of drenches plus post-transplant sprays is probably due to the spray augmenting the action of the drench in inhibiting the development of larvae after penelration. 相似文献
54.
Lianas usually possess large vessels, which are vulnerable to cavitation. Root pressure may play an important role in embolism repair of vessels. However, little is known about the generality of root pressure in tropical lianas. To characterize root pressure of lianas in tropical rainforests, we used pressure transducers to measure root pressure in the rainy and dry seasons for a total of 32 lianas from 14 families common in Xishuangbanna. We further analyzed the associations of maximum root pressure with phylogeny and of transient root pressure with environmental factors. We found that all lianas we selected had root pressure, with maximum root pressure ranging from 2-138kPa. In the dry season, about 72% (23 species) of the lianas had relatively low root pressure (<15kPa) and maintained positive throughout the day. This may be important for water balance for roots and basal stems of lianas. There were three types of diurnal changes in liana root pressure. In Type I, root pressure had obvious diurnal variation in the dry and rainy seasons. In Type II, root pressure did not show obvious diurnal variation in the dry and rainy seasons. In Type III, either in the dry or in the rainy season, root pressure showed obvious diurnal variation. Root pressure varied substantially among lianas, with lianas from two families, Fabaceae and Vitaceae, usually having relatively higher root pressure, suggesting that phylogeny may influence root pressure. Transient root pressure closely responded to photosynthetically active radiation. In most cases, however, it was not related to rainfall and vapour pressure deficit. These results suggest that the associations of liana root pressure with environments need further investigation. 相似文献
55.
In Caenorhabditis elegans, the decision to develop as a hermaphrodite or male is controlled by a cascade of regulatory genes. These genes and other tissue-specific regulatory genes also control sexual fate in the hermaphrodite germline, which makes sperm first and then oocytes. In this review, we summarize the genetic and molecular characterization of these genes and speculate how they mutually interact to specify sexual fate. 相似文献
56.
57.
A. C. Triantaphyllou 《Journal of nematology》1991,23(2):249-253
Two tetraploid isolates of Meloidogyne hapla, 86P and E289P, with haploid chromosome numbers of 34 and 28, respectively, were studied cytogenetically and biologically in relation to the diploid populations, 86-Va (n = 17) and E289-Taiwan (n = 14), from which they had been originally isolated. Both isolates were quite stable, converting to diploidy at the low rate of about 2.5%. The tetraploid isolate 86P maintained itself in competition with its diploid counterpart in mixed cultures, although an initial frequency of 50% polyploidy was reduced to about 9% at the end of the sixth generation. Both tetraploid isolates could maintain themselves in greenhouse cultures without artificial selection for at least 2 years. Crosses between diploid females and tetraploid males resulted in a few triploid females that produced mostly nonviable eggs, suggesting partial reproductive isolation between the two ploidy forms. Ten generations of propagation of only polyploid females of isolate 86P that were associated with males failed to yield an obligatorily amphimictic isolate that would not convert at all to diploidy. If one accepts a previous assumption that the present day amphimictic root-knot nematodes are tetraploids derived from diploid ancestors, results of the present study are not inconsistent with an evolutionary trend toward an even higher level of ploidy in Meloidogyne, presumably octaploidy. 相似文献
58.
Meloidogyne incognita-infected and noninfected tubers of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) were treated with 56 L/ha 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in microplots and subsequently examined for tuber and nematode viability in the greenhouse using a chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) bioassay system. The study was conducted three times. Nutsedge tuber viability and M. incognita harbored in both yellow and purple nutsedge tubers were unaffected by 1,3-D treatment. Nematode reproduction on nutsedges and associated chile pepper plants varied among years, possibly due to differing levels of tuber infection or soil temperature, but was not affected by fumigation. The presence of M. incognita resulted in greater yellow nutsedge tuber germination and reproduction. The efficacy of 1,3-D for management of M. incognita in chile pepper production is likely to be reduced when nutsedges are present in high numbers, reinforcing the importance of managing these weeds and nematodes simultaneously. 相似文献
59.
Jac M. M. J. G. Aarts Jan G. J. Hontelez Peter Fischer Ruud Verkerk Albert van Kammen Pim Zabel 《Plant molecular biology》1991,16(4):647-661
With a view to cloning the root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi in tomato by chromosome walking, we have developed a molecular probe for the tightly linked acid phosphatase-1 (Aps-1) locus. The acid phosphatase-1 allozyme (APS-11), encoded by the Aps-1
1 allele originating from Lycopersicon peruvianum, was purified to apparent homogeneity from tomato roots and suspension cells. Microsequencing of CNBr and tryptic peptides generated from APS-11 provided a partial amino acid sequence, which accounted for approximately 23% of the protein and revealed two stretches of homology with soybean proteins KSH3 and VSP27, comprising 22 matches within 26 amino acid residues. The partial amino acid sequence information enabled us to isolate a 2.4 kb genomic Aps-1
1 sequence by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primed by degenerate pools of oligodeoxyribonucleotides, synthesized on the basis of the amino acid sequences. Synthesis of the 2.4 kb PCR product was specific for genomic templates carrying the L. peruvianum Aps-1
1 allele. Crucial to the priming specificity and the synthesis of the 2.4 kb genomic sequence was the use of degenerate primer pools in which the number of different primer species was limited by incorporating deoxyinosine phosphate residues at three and four base ambiguities. In using cDNA as a template, a 490 bp sequence was obtained, indicating a high proportion of intron sequences in the 2.4 kb genomic Aps-1
1 sequence. The Aps-1
1 origin of the PCR product was confirmed by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis, using both a chromosome 6 substitution line and a pair of nearly isogenic lines, differing for a small chromosomal region around the Aps-1/Mi loci. 相似文献
60.
Thierry C. Vrain 《Journal of nematology》1999,31(4):424-436
Bioengineering strategies are being developed that will provide specific and durable resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in crops. The strategies come under three categories: (i) transfer of natural resistance genes from plants that have them to plants that do not, to mobilize the defense mechanisms in susceptible crops; (ii) interference with the biochemical signals that nematodes exchange with plants during parasitic interactions, especially those resulting in the formation of specialized feeding sites for the sedentary endoparasites—many nematode genes and many plant genes are potential targets for manipulation; and (iii) expression in plant cells of proteins toxic to nematodes. 相似文献