紫金山森林公园降温效应影响因素

城市绿地是城市自然景观的重要组成部分,探讨不同影响因素对城市绿地降温效应的影响规律,有助于城市绿地的空间布局规划与管理,以便更好地缓解城市热环境。以南京紫金山森林公园为研究区,沿陵园路—中山陵方向选取了5个植被结构相似的林地作为观测点,并以水泥地面为参照点,利用HOBO小型气象观测站对温度、湿度和风速等因子进行定点同步观测,并分别采用LAI-2200植物冠层分析仪、鱼眼相机和GPS手持导航仪获取各观测点的叶面积指数、天空可见度和高程信息,然后采用统计分析和相关分析方法,分别对绿地降温效应的日变化规律及其影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:各站点的温度变化趋势基本一致;与参考点相比,5个观测点在白天均有明显降温效果,13:00—16:00降温效应最强,而晚上降温效果很弱,甚至出现轻微的保温效应;降温幅度随大气温度的升高而增大,随相对湿度和风速的增大而减小;绿地叶面积指数、天空可见度和高程等因子对绿地降温效应在不同时段会产生不同程度的影响:叶面积指数与天空可见度在9:00—19:00间对降温效应的影响作用较为明显,但由于高温的影响,午后(13:00—15:00)影响作用较弱;在夜间,高程是主要影响因子。研究结果可为城市公园绿地的合理布局与绿化建设提供依据和参考。     

Prescribed fires in Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana steppe have minor and transient effects on vegetation cover and composition

Question: What is the impact of prescribed fires on the cover and composition of vegetation in Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana steppe? Location: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Sheep Experiment Station, eastern Idaho (44°14′44′’ N, 112°12′47′’ W). Methods: Multiple prescribed fires were lit in 2002 and 2003 in an Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) steppe ecosystem that was relatively free of exotic plants. Measurements of cover components and plant species frequencies were taken pre‐ and for 2 to 3 years post‐fire. Results: Cover of forbs and grasses returned to pre‐fire levels after two years. Shrub cover declined from 36 to 6% in the first year post‐fire. Fire reduced the frequencies of three species, A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Festuca idahoensis, and Cordylanthus ramosus, of rangeland plants. Frequencies of four plant species, Hesperostipa comata, Polygonum douglasii, Chenopodium fremontii and Chenopodium leptophyllum increased, but only P. douglasii increased for more than a year. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in an Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana steppe ecosystem without significant non‐native species or anthropogenic disturbances vegetative cover and species composition of the herbaceous community are only minimally altered by fire. The herbaceous component returned to pre‐fire conditions within three years of a fire.     

Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity

Interactions between biotic and abiotic processes complicate the design and interpretation of ecological experiments. Separating causality from simple correlation requires distinguishing among experimental treatments, experimental responses, and the many processes and properties that are correlated with either the treatments or the responses, or both. When an experimental manipulation has multiple components, but only one of them is identified as the experimental treatment, erroneous conclusions about cause and effect relationships are likely because the actual cause of any observed response may be ignored in the interpretation of the experimental results. This unrecognized cause of an observed response can be considered a “hidden treatment.” Three types of hidden treatments are potential problems in biodiversity experiments: (1) abiotic conditions, such as resource levels, or biotic conditions, such as predation, which are intentionally or unintentionally altered in order to create differences in species numbers for “diversity” treatments; (2) non-random selection of species with particular attributes that produce treatment differences that exceed those due to “diversity” alone; and (3) the increased statistical probability of including a species with a dominant negative or positive effect (e.g., dense shade, or nitrogen fixation) in randomly selected groups of species of increasing number or “diversity.” In each of these cases, treatment responses that are actually the result of the “hidden treatment” may be inadvertently attributed to variation in species diversity. Case studies re-evaluating three different types of biodiversity experiments demonstrate that the increases found in such ecosystem properties as productivity, nutrient use efficiency, and stability (all of which were attributed to higher levels of species diversity) were actually caused by “hidden treatments” that altered plant biomass and productivity. Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 2 March 1997     

Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information

The Creative Commons (CC) licenses are a suite of copyright-based licenses defining terms for the distribution and re-use of creative works. CC provides licenses for different use cases and includes open content licenses such as the Attribution license (CC BY, used by many Open Access scientific publishers) and the Attribution Share Alike license (CC BY-SA, used by Wikipedia, for example). However, the license suite also contains non-free and non-open licenses like those containing a "non-commercial" (NC) condition. Although many people identify "non-commercial" with "non-profit", detailed analysis reveals that significant differences exist and that the license may impose some unexpected re-use limitations on works thus licensed. After providing background information on the concepts of Creative Commons licenses in general, this contribution focuses on the NC condition, its advantages, disadvantages and appropriate scope. Specifically, it contributes material towards a risk analysis for potential re-users of NC-licensed works.     

Can prolife theorists justify an exception for rape?

Prolife theorists typically hold to the claim that all human beings possess equal moral status from conception and consequently possess a right to life. This, they believe, entails that abortion is impermissible in all circumstances. Critics characterize this as an extreme anti-abortion position, as it prima facie allows no exceptions, even in cases of rape. Here, I examine whether the prolife claim regarding equal moral status is compatible with a more attractive moderate stance that permits an exception in the case of rape. I show that Judith Jarvis Thomson's analysis of rights can be used to modify the prolife position in this way, but that doing so involves concessions that prolife theorists are unlikely to find acceptable.     

3T磁共振直肠小视野APT成像

目的 化学交换饱和转移（CEST）成像技术已成为诊断与脑部和全身疾病代谢相关变化的有用工具,通过计算与水分子相邻化合物的可交换质子的含量进行定量分析。具体而言,酰胺质子转移（APT）CEST技术通过比较可交换的内源性蛋白质或肽的含量变化来区分正常组织与脑卒中和脑肿瘤组织。在体内的小器官病变诊断中,小视野（rFOV）成像技术已被广泛应用,本研究旨在应用rFOV成像技术来识别直肠中的CEST信号,探讨rFOV成像技术在直肠疾病临床诊断中的潜在效用,并为直肠疾病的放化疗提供代谢影像信息。方法 使用3.0T磁共振成像扫描仪对11名健康志愿者进行了横断面全视野（Full_FOV）和rFOV CEST成像。设置的分辨率分别为2.5×2.5×6 mm³和1.5×1.5×6 mm³。采用了0.7 μT和2 μT两种预饱和脉冲。rFOV成像采用了ZOOM成像方法。对于2 μT的饱和脉冲,采用了±3.5 ppm的MTRasym方法进行定量分析,而对于0.7 μT的饱和脉冲,则采用Lorentzian Difference的方法来量化CEST的对比度图和曲线。结果 相较于Full_FOV成像,rFOV方法可以在保持较好对比度的同时将扫描时间减半。与Full_FOV方法相比,rFOV成像方法可以得出与Full_FOV方法几乎相同的Z谱和MTRasym曲线。此外,以大约3 min的时间可以实现1.5 mm×1.5 mm分辨率的rFOV成像。这种rFOV成像方法可以更好地显示出整个直肠的解剖细节,包括CEST成像对比图及定量分析曲线。结论 CEST MRI在直肠疾病诊断方面具有较高价值,采用rFOV技术可以提供更高的空间和时间分辨率。由于其在直肠疾病诊断方面的潜力,CEST MRI可以作为临床诊断直肠疾病的首选。     

Changes of enzyme activity in lipid signaling pathways related to substrate reordering

The static fluid mosaic model of biological membranes has been progressively complemented by a dynamic membrane model that includes phospholipid reordering in domains that are proposed to extend from nanometers to microns. Kinetic models for lipolytic enzymes have only been developed for homogeneous lipid phases. In this work, we develop a generalization of the well-known surface dilution kinetic theory to cases where, in a same lipid phase, both domain and nondomain phases coexist. Our model also allows understanding the changes in enzymatic activity due to a decrease of free substrate concentration when domains are induced by peptides. This lipid reordering and domain dynamics can affect the activity of lipolytic enzymes, and can provide a simple explanation for how basic peptides, with a strong direct interaction with acidic phospholipids (such as beta-amyloid peptide), may cause a complex modulation of the activities of many important enzymes in lipid signaling pathways.     

Evolutionarily conserved thermal biology across continents: The North American lizard Plestiodon gilberti (Scincidae) compared to Asian Plestiodon

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The lizard genus Plestiodon (Scincidae; formerly Eumeces) is widespread in North America and Asia, but the thermal biology of only a few species has been studied.     

新乡太行山区木本彩叶植物资源

概括总结了新乡太行山区的木本彩叶植物资源总量、资源种类、观赏价值和开发潜力,描述了其中几种重要的木本彩叶植物,给新乡木本彩叶植物资源的开发利用提供参考.     

浙江省主要木本药用植物资源

本文介绍了浙江省有分布或载培的木本药用植物的种类（约118种）,以及主要种类（42种）的分布及药用功效,木本药用植物既具有药用价值,又可以绿化,美化环境,调节气候,建议重视木本药用植物的保护,载培及研究与开发。