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41.
M. P. Francescato T. Talon P. E. di Prampero 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1995,71(4):355-361
Energy costs and energy sources in karate (wado style) were studied in eight male practitioners (age 23.8 years, mass. 72.3 kg, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) 36.8 ml · min–1 · kg–1) performing six katas (formal, organized movement sequences) of increasing duration (from approximately. 10 s to approximately 80 s). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was determined during pre-exercise rest, the exercise period and the first 270 s of recovery in five consecutive expired gas collections. A blood sample for lactate (la–) analysis was taken 5 min after the end of exercise. The overall amount of O2 consumed during the exercise and in the following recovery increased linearly with the duration of exercise (t) from approximately 1.51 (for t equal to 10.5 s (SD 1.6)) to approximately 5.81, for t equal to 81.5 s (SD 1.0). The energy release from la– production (VO21a
–) calculated assuming that an increase of 1 mmol · l–1 la– corresponded to a VO2 of 3 mlO2 · kg–1 was negligible for t equal to or less than 20 s and increased to 17.3 ml · kg–1 (la– = 5.8 mmol · l–1 above resting values) for t equal approximately to 80 s. The overall energy requirement (VO2eq) as given by the sum of VO2 and VO2la
– was described by VO2eq = 0.87 + 0.071 · t (n = 64; r
2 = 0.91), where VO2eq is in litres and t in seconds. This equation shows that the metabolic power (VO2eq · t
–1) for this karate style is very high: from approximately 9.51 · min–1 for t equal to 10 s to approximately 4.91 · min–1 for t equal to 80 s, i.e. from 3.5 to 1.8 times the subjects' VO2max. The fraction of VO2eq derived from the amount of O2 consumed during the exercise increased from 11% for t equal to 10 s to 41 % for t equal to 80 s whereas VO21a
– was negligible far t equal to or less than 20 s and increased to 13 % o for t equal to 80 s. The remaining fraction (from 90% for t equal to 10 s to 46% for t equal to 80 s), corresponding to the amount of O2 consumed in the recovery after exercise, is derived from anaerobic alactic sources, i.e. from net splitting of high energy phosphates during the exercise. 相似文献
42.
InAnurogryllus muticus females, mating stimulates burrow construction, burrow provisioning, feeding, egg production, and egg-laying. Since mating often occurs before the ovaries are fully developed, the time span between mating and oviposition is used for increased food intake and the accumulation of nutrient reserves in the fatbody. Oviposition triggers maternal care of eggs and emerging hatchlings, and blocks egg consumption. Hatchling behavior is investigated. When hatchlings eat eggs, they prefer newly laid over older, embryonic eggs. 相似文献
43.
鳜鱼的耗氧率及其池塘养殖 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:17
本文较详细地报道了鳜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,并对鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼同池饲养的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明,鳜鱼耗氧量和体重正相关(r=0.99),耗氧率与体重反相关(r=-0.97);在水温20℃,鱼种耗氧率约为0.14mg/g.h.,成鱼约为0.12mg/g.h.;耗氧量和耗氧率均与水温正相关(r=0.90,r=0.94),水温13—30℃时,体重230±11.7g的鳜鱼。耗氧量为14.31—42.13mg/尾。h.,耗氧率为0.059—0.175mg/g.h.;鳜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化与家鱼相反,黄昏至凌晨是高峰期,为0.12—0.15mg/g.h.(T=20℃),白天是低谷期,为0.07—0.10mg/g.h;;鳜鱼的窒息点与家鱼类较接近,变化范围为0.45—0.76mg/L;鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼在同一池塘中饲养,既可持续不断地提供鳜鱼充足的适口饵料,又简单易行,成本低,效益高,有较大的价值。 相似文献
44.
D. L. Lawson R. W. Merritt M. M. Martin J. S. Martin J. J. Kukor 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1984,35(2):105-114
The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.相似文献
45.
46.
47.
I. G. Burns 《Plant and Soil》1992,142(2):221-233
A method is described for determining the way in which growth rate varies with plant nutrient concentration using a simple
nutrient interruption technique incorporating only 2 treatments. The method involves measuring the changes in growth and nutrient
composition of otherwise well-nourished plants after the supply of one particular nutrient has been withheld. Critical concentrations
are estimated from the relationship between the growth rate (expressed as a fraction of that for control plants of the same
size which remained well-nourished throughout) and the concentration of the growth-limiting nutrient in the plants as deficiency
developed. Trials of the method using young lettuce plants showed that shoot growth rate was directly proportional to total
N (nitrate plus organic N) concentration, and linearly or near-linearly related to K and P concentration over a wide range;
the corresponding relationship for nitrate was strongly curvi-linear. Critical concentrations (corresponding to a 10% reduction
in growth rate) determined from these results were similar to critical values calculated from models derived from field data,
but were generally higher than published estimates of critical concentration (based on reductions in shoot weight) for plants
of a similar size. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Nitrate, phosphate or potassium concentrations in sap from
individual leaf petioles were highly sensitive to changes in shoot growth rate as deficiency developed, with the slope of
the relationships varying with leaf position, due to differences both in their initial concentration and in the rates at which
they were utilized in individual leaves. Each nutrient was always depleted more quickly in younger leaves than in older ones,
providing earlier evidence of deficiency for diagnostic purposes. Although the plants were capable of accumulating nitrate,
phosphate and potassium well in excess of that needed for optimum dry matter production during periods of adequate supply,
the rate of mobilization of these reserves was insufficient to prevent reductions in growth rate as the plants became deficient.
This brings into question the validity of the conventional concept that luxury consumption provides a store of nutrients which
are freely available for use in times of shortage. The implications of these results for the use of plant analysis for assessing
plant nutrient status are discussed. 相似文献
48.
Media of de Greef & Jacobs (1979) were autoclaved either with all the nutrient components in a single vessel (medium 1) or with the following components in separate vessels: FeNa–EDTA+CaCl2 (medium 2), FeNa–EDTA+NaH2PO4 (medium 3) or sucrose (medium 4). Medium 5 was prepared by autoclaving FeNa–EDTA+NaH2PO4 and sucrose in two separate vessels. It was found that the dry mass yield of cell suspensions ofBeta vulgaris was lowest in medium 1, followed by media 2 and 3. There was no significant difference among media 3, 4, and 5.The plot of dry mass yield of the cell suspensions against the rates of cyanide-initiated oxygen consumption which indicate the extent of carbohydrate hydrolysis of the media during autoclaving, indicated the presence of a threshold rate of about 17–20 nmol ml–1 min–1. Dry mass yield of the suspensions decreased rapidly when the rate exceeded this value.For media with glucose as the source of carbohydrate, the rate of cyanide-initiated oxygen consumption exceeded the threshold value by a factor of 1.5 to 2, depending on the volume of the media autoclaved.Abbreviations FeNa-EDTA
ferric monosodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid 相似文献
49.
Premavathy Rajagopalan-Levasseur Eric Dournon Jean-Louis Vilde Jean-Jacques Pocidalo 《Luminescence》1992,7(2):109-116
Two strains of Legionella pneumophila of different virulence were examined for their influence on the metabolic oxidative activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The leukocytes exhibited decreased rates of oxygen consumption and diminished chemiluminescence activity following phagocytosis of a virulent strain of L. pneumophila serogroup 1. In contrast, phagocytosis of its multipassaged derivative rendered avirulent, was accompanied by increased rates of both oxygen consumption and chemiluminescence activity. Although no differences were observed in oxygen uptake induced by the virulent legionellae compared to leukocytes at rest, statistically significant differences were observed in the chemiluminescence responses. These observations were not unexpected, since the luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay, is more sensitive than the oxygen uptake assay. In spite of decreased metabolic activity of PMN in the presence of virulent legionellae, electron microscope studies showed higher numbers of intracellular L. pneumophila than the avirulent subtype. Thus, virulent and avirulent L. pneumophila can be differentiated on the basis of oxygen consumption and chemiluminescence assays. 相似文献
50.
Preferential feeding behaviour by Daphnia magna was shown when Daphnia were fed on a mixture of 14C-labelled algae (Chlorella vulgaris or Scenedesmus quadricauda) and 3H-labelled bacteria (Escherichia coli). Daphnia consumption of bacteria was equal or higher in the presence of algae. On the other hand, in the presence of bacteria, algal consumption decreased by 40–70% compared to algal consumption in the absence of bacteria. 14C radioactive uptake was in good agreement with the chlorophyll content and demonstrates the preferential feeding behaviour of Daphnia. 相似文献