Impacts of secondary seed dispersal and herbivory on seedling survival in Aesculus turbinata

Abstract. Aesculus turbinata is a tree species with large seeds (6.2 g mean dry weight). We studied the demography of its seeds and seedlings in a temperate deciduous forest in northern Japan to elucidate the ecological significance of large seeds with special reference to herbivory and secondary dispersal. Both seed and seedling stages suffered greatly from herbivores. Seedling herbivory was important judged from experiments with shoot clipping and hypogeal cotyledon removal. However, some seedlings survived through re-sprouting after herbivory. Survival rate and percentage resprouting seedlings were lower than those with remaining cotyledons, though seedling size was not affected. This suggests that stored resources in hypogeal cotyledons are working as a kind of ‘risk hedge’ against severe aboveground shoot clipping experienced by A. turbinata. The spatial distribution of seedlings was expanded via seed scatter-hoarding by rodents. Seedling survival rate was higher within canopy gaps than under closed canopy, indicating that canopy gaps are safe sites for establishment, and was negatively correlated with seedling density. Therefore, secondary seed dispersal in this species seems to be effective in ‘finding’ safe sites and in ‘escaping’ density-dependent mortality. The large seeds and seedlings of A. turbinata are attractive to herbivores, but the high resistance of seedlings to herbivory due to large reserves and the effective secondary dispersal appear to mitigate these disadvantages.     

钾离子通道与神经胶质瘤关系的研究进展

钾离子通道为组织细胞内分布最广、种类最多的离子通道,在细胞增殖、分化及肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移中起着关键作用。神经胶质瘤是颅内最多发的恶性肿瘤,目前其主要治疗方式为手术加术后放化疗,术后五年生存率较低,寻找其相关发病机制及化疗靶点具有重要意义。目前已有多项研究表明,多种钾离子通道在胶质瘤中呈特异性高表达,且与胶质瘤的增殖、分化有密切关系,一些钾离子通道可作为胶质瘤的诊断和预防因子,有望成为未来胶质瘤化疗的新靶点,研究钾离子通道与神经胶质瘤的关系对胶质瘤的诊断、预防和治疗有重要意义。本文主要对近年来钾离子通道与神经胶质瘤关系研究的新进展进行综述。     

Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities

Many modern cities have strongly invested in the sustainability of their urban water management system. Nordic cities like Stockholm or Copenhagen are amongst pioneers in investments towards integrated urban water management. However, cities can never be fully self-sufficient due to their dependency on external (water) resources. In this paper, we quantify this water dependency with respect to food consumption in nine cities located in the five Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland), by means of the water footprint concept. Detailed urban water footprint assessments are scarce in the literature. By analysing national nutrition surveys, we find that urban food intake behaviour differs from national food intake behaviour. In large Nordic cities people eat generally less potatoes, milk products (without cheese), meat and animal fats and they drink less coffee than outside city borders. On the other hand, they generally eat more vegetables and vegetable oils and they drink more tea and alcoholic beverages. This leads consistently – for the six large Nordic cities Stockholm, Malmö, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo and Reykjavik – to slightly smaller food related urban water footprints (−2 to −6%) than national average values. We also analyse the water footprint for different diets based upon Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for these cities. We assessed three healthy diet scenarios: 1) including meat (HEALTHY-MEAT), 2) pesco-vegetarian (HEALTHY-PESCO-VEG) and 3) vegetarian (HEALTHY-VEG). This shows that Nordic urban dwellers 1) eat too many animal products (red meat, milk and milk products) and sugar and drink too much alcohol and 2) they eat not enough vegetables, fruit and products from the group pulses, nuts and oilcrops. Their overall energy and protein intake is too high. A shift to a healthy diet with recommended energy and protein intake reduces the urban WF related to food consumption substantially. A shift to HEALTHY-MEAT results in a reduction of −9 to −24%, for HEALTHY-PESCO-VEG the reduction is −29 to −37%, for HEALTHY-VEG the reduction is −36 to −44%. In other words, Nordic urban dwellers can save a lot of water by shifting to a healthy diet.     

Mapping QTLs and candidate genes for iron and zinc concentrations in unpolished rice of Madhukar×Swarna RILs

Identifying QTLs/genes for iron and zinc in rice grains can help in biofortification programs. 168 F(7) RILs derived from Madhukar×Swarna were used to map QTLs for iron and zinc concentrations in unpolished rice grains. Iron ranged from 0.2 to 224ppm and zinc ranged from 0.4 to 104ppm. Genome wide mapping using 101 SSRs and 9 gene specific markers showed 5 QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7 and 12 significantly linked to iron, zinc or both. In all, 14 QTLs were identified for these two traits. QTLs for iron were co-located with QTLs for zinc on chromosomes 7 and 12. In all, ten candidate genes known for iron and zinc homeostasis underlie 12 of the 14 QTLs. Another 6 candidate genes were close to QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5 and 7. Thus the high priority candidate genes for high Fe and Zn in seeds are OsYSL1 and OsMTP1 for iron, OsARD2, OsIRT1, OsNAS1, OsNAS2 for zinc and OsNAS3, OsNRAMP1, Heavy metal ion transport and APRT for both iron and zinc together based on our genetic mapping studies as these genes strictly underlie QTLs. Several elite lines with high Fe, high Zn and both were identified.     

静电纺丝制备担载神经生长因子的聚乳酸纤维的工艺研究

目的:研究担载神经生长因子(NGF)的聚乳酸纤维乳液法静电纺丝的制备工艺,从电压、溶液浓度等工艺条件进行探索,通过扫描电镜对纤维的形态结构进行观察,旨在找到最佳纺丝制备条件,并观察该条件下纤维的体外释放行为和细胞活性。方法:将NGF水溶液分散于聚乳酸(PLLA)溶液中,通过W/O乳液法制备静电纺丝纤维。分别从电压8 k V、10 k V、12 k V,浓度梯度90mg/m L、100 mg/m L、110 mg/m L进行静电纺丝纤维的制备,对纤维的形态等进行表征。使用ELISA对NGF体外释放动力学进行检测,用Alamer Blue试剂考察纤维释放液对于PC12悬浮细胞增殖的影响。结果:浓度和电压对电纺纤维制备影响很大。当浓度过大时,易堵塞纺丝喷头且纤维弯曲,过小时纤维粗细差异较大。电压过大或过小时纤维弯曲情况严重,甚至出现缠绕现象。当浓度为100 mg/m L,电压为10 k V时制备的乳液法静电纺丝聚乳酸纤维直径粗细均匀,具有较好形态。在该条件下的制备的纤维NGF体外有效释放13天,释放液可以促进PC12细胞的增殖。结论:担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维乳液法最佳静电纺丝制备条件为:PLLA溶液浓度100 mg/m L、电压10 k V,该条件下制备的担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维体外释放可累计释放13天,其释放液可有效促进PC12细胞的增殖,为进一步研究担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维导管奠定了一定的工艺基础。     

蚂蚁分子系统学研究进展

蚂蚁是分布广泛、种类和数量丰富的社会性昆虫.蚂蚁的传统分类学研究存在一定局限性,而分子生物学为蚂蚁的系统学研究提供了新途径.概述了蚂蚁分子系统学在研究内容和技术方法上的研究进展,并对今后的研究做了展望.     

癔症发作诱发因素以及复发几率分析

目的:探讨导致癔症发病病因和复发几率之间的联系,以便为研究、预防和治疗癔症工作提供科学依据。方法:以近30年国内外有关癔症危险因素的研究成果为基础,对符合CCMD-3诊断标准的100例癔症患者进行回顾性分析及前瞻性观察。结果:癔症相关的危险因素比较多,患者多内向,神经质影响心理症状最大,情绪明显不稳定;他们的父母较正常人的父母对子女缺乏情感温暖,并有过度的拒绝和过度保护,家庭不和睦,其在发病前一年内负性生活事件数目与严重程度均高于一般人;情绪表达受限,生活单调乏味,父母采取不良教养方式,人际关系紧张等。且患者性格因素引起的癔症复发几率较高,而因负性生活事件的原因复发几率在几种情况中最低。结论:癔症病因主要有人格特征,家庭环境,生活事件,教养方式,人际关系等,正确教育方式和朋友良好的关系,以及和谐的家庭及社会环境,及时治疗相关的并发症,可明显减少发病和复发概率。     

档案图书防霉条件研究及防霉剂的筛选

对档案图书保藏过程中引起霉变的微生物种类、引起霉变的主要环境因素和防霉剂的筛选进行了试验研究。结果表明：曲霉属微生物是档案图书霉变的主要霉腐菌,发生霉变的环境温度条件和能够引发霉变的孢子浓度范围较宽,环境相对湿度对霉变起关键作用。安全防霉条件为：控制环境相对湿度低于65％,温度10℃～25℃;低毒防霉剂对硝基苯甲醛和仲丁胺可以应用于档案图书的防霉过程。     

Interactions between beta-ecdysone and fat body during wing disk development in vitro

We have investigated the actions of beta-ecdysone and fat body on wing disks of Plodia interpunctella in a series of sequential incubations in vitro. These experiments revealed that extended treatment times of beta-ecdysone at concentrations of 0·5 μg/ml or greater inhibited development of disks, and confirm that the presence of a fat body factor in the culture medium prevents this inhibition.     

长白山站的研究数据库管理系统

长白山站的研究数据库管理系统翟永华,赵士洞（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）Ｄａｔｅ－ＢａｓｅＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｉｎＣｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＳｔａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＺｈａｉＹｏｎｇｈｕａ...