中国陆地生态系统服务价值测量

利用遥感技术,结合生态学方法,在对生态参数遥感测量的基础上,计算了中国陆地生态系统2000年的生态服务价值.结果表明,中国陆地生态系统2000年所产生的生态服务价值为9.17×10¹²元,总体空间分布由东向西递减、由中部向东北和南部递增,与植被的地带性分布梯度基本一致;森林的平均单位面积价值最高,为18789元·hm^-2,占总生态服务价值的40.80%;其次是灌丛(13789元·hm^-2)和耕地(13054元·hm^-2),分别占总生态服务价值的10.79%和24.23%.从生态系统服务功能来看,气体调节价值的贡献率最大,占总价值的45.16%;其次是水土保持价值(28.83%)和涵养水源价值(14.44%);有机物质生产和营养物质循环的价值最小,其贡献率为11.57%.生态遥感测量方法克服了传统生态统计方法以点代面的缺点,计算结果能更加客观地反映生态系统服务价值及其空间分布,但该方法本身也存在一些不确定性,对生态系统各项服务功能及其价值的评估只是保守和粗略的估计,有待于深入研究.     

Ecosystem service values and land use change in the opium poppy cultivation region in Northern Part of Lao PDR

Land use change and land-cover impacts ecosystem services and functions. In this paper according to the study area’s land use characteristic and ecosystem type, the Land use category of the study area was divided into seven categories, including Forest, Grassland, Farmland, Water, Wetlands, Urban land and Barren land. The dynamic information of the forest Land use change during 10 years was calculated by the map algebra in ArcGIS 9.2. Both in 1992 and in 2002, Forest and Grassland were two largest Land use category in the study area. Forest took up 44.7% and 39.4% of the total area, and Grassland was 50.13% and 50.72% of the total area in 1992 and 2002. Finally, we valued change in ecosystem services delivered by each land use category using coefficients published by Costanza et al. [5]. Ecosystem services value of study area, the total ecosystem services value of 10.6 million hectares of this study area decreased by 11.74%. From the coefficient of sensitivity (CS) was less than unity in all case, it indicated that the total ecosystem services values was relatively inelastic and the results suggest that we have to pay attention more on land use change and finally, policy for driving forces of land use change were developed.     

Apparent decoupling of prey recognition ability with prey availability in an insular snake population

Numerous studies on the feeding behavior of snakes have reported the consistency of tongue-flick responses with their natural diets. For representatives of widely distributed, dietary generalist species from particular localities, we can expect that their tongue-flick responses to potential prey unavailable in their original habitats have been reduced whereas those to prey common in the habitats have been enhanced. To test this hypothesis, intraspecific variation in tongue-flick responses to prey chemicals was examined using ingestively naive snakes (Elaphe quadrivirgata) from dietarily different populations: populations from the main Japanese island, where the snakes' diet predominantly consists of sympatric frogs, and from Mikura-jima Island, where no frogs occur and the snakes thus chiefly prey on lizards. We presented chemical stimuli from six items including those from their natural and potential prey (fish, frog, lizard, mouse, water, and cologne) to newborn snakes. Significant effects of stimuli on the tongue-flick responses were detected. On the other hand, effects of population and interaction between stimuli and population were not significant, and individual comparisons revealed no significant interlocality differences in responses to either frog or lizard chemicals. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported. However, in the Mikura-jima sample, significantly fewer snakes responded to frog chemicals than in the main island sample. The significance of the inconsistency between prey recognition ability and prey availability in the Mikura-jima population are discussed. Received: October 17, 2000 / Accepted: December 14, 2000     

Satellite remote sensing for ecological analysis of forested landscape

The spatial characterisation and vertical analysis are together considered important to evaluate structure of forested landscapes. In recent years, increased human impacts have resulted in changes in landscape and structure of the forest ecosystem. The present study is aimed to analyse impacts of disturbance on landscape structure using satellite remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) in Madhav National Park of India. The Landsat TM data have been used to identify vegetation types. The patch characteristics of the vegetation like size, shape, porosity and patch density have been studied. The physical and humanmade features have divided the national park in three zones. These zones are also utilised as management zones by the State Forest Department. The study indicates that the central zone is distinctly different from the south and north zones. The patch size and porosity have been found to be most important parameters to discriminate differences in the ecological status of three different zones of the park. The patchiness and shape provide supportive information and characterise the patches of the zones. The structural analysis of the vegetation revealed effect on species diversity and biomass distribution in the different disturbance regimes.     

Remote controlling of CAR-T cells and toxicity management: Molecular switches and next generation CARs

Cell-based immunotherapies have been selected for the front-line cancer treatment approaches. Among them, CAR-T cells have shown extraordinary effects in hematologic diseases including chemotherapy-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this approach, autologous T cells isolated from the patient''s body genetically engineered to express a tumor specific synthetic receptor against a tumor antigen, then these cells expanded ex vivo and re-infusion back to the patient body. Recently, significant clinical response and high rates of complete remission of CAR T cell therapy in B-cell malignancies led to the approval of Kymriah and Yescarta (CD19-directed CAR-T cells) were by FDA for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Despite promising therapeutic outcomes, CAR T cells also can elicit the immune-pathologic effects, such as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), and on-target off-tumor toxicity, that hampered its application. Ineffective control of these highly potent synthetic cells causes discussed potentially life-threatening toxicities, so researchers have developed several mechanisms to remote control CAR T cells. In this paper, we briefly review the introduced toxicities of CAR-T cells, then describe currently existing control approaches and review their procedure, pros, and cons.     

Combined effects of chemical and visual information in eliciting antipredator behaviour in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Under natural conditions, both young-of-the-year (YOY; 0+ year) and parr (1+ year) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar exhibited strong antipredator behaviour ( e.g. increase in latency to resume foraging) following the exposure to damage-released chemical alarm cues relative to a stream water control. Subsequent exposure to a novel visual stimulus had contrasting results. Parr increased their reactive distance to the visual stimulus if they had been previously exposed to a chemical alarm cue, whereas YOY did not. On the other hand, both YOY and parr took significantly longer to resume foraging when exposed to a visual stimulus if they had been previously exposed to a chemical alarm cue than control groups. While YOY and parr differed in the type and intensity of antipredator responses to both chemical and visual stimuli, perhaps due to differential costs and benefits associated with age, both used the chemical and the visual information in a combined manner.     

Using hyperspectral satellite imagery for regional inventories: a test with tropical emergent trees in the Amazon Basin

Questions: Understanding distributions of tree species at landscape scales in tropical forests is a difficult task that could benefit from the recent development of satellite imaging spectroscopy. We tested an application of the EO‐1 Hyperion satellite sensor to spectrally detect the location of five important tree taxa in the lowland humid tropical forests of southeastern Peru. Location: Peru, Departamento de Madre de Díos. Methods: We used linear discriminant analysis with a stepwise selection procedure to analyze two Hyperion datasets (July and December 2006) to choose the most informative narrow bands for classifying trees. Results: Optimal channels selected were different between the two seasons. Classification was 100% successful for the five taxa when using 25 narrow bands and pixels that represented >40% of tree crowns. We applied the discriminant functions developed separately for the two seasons to the entire study area, and found significantly nonrandom overlap in the anticipated distributions of the five taxa between seasons. Conclusions: Despite known issues, such as signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial resolution, Hyperion imaging spectroscopy has potential for developing regional mapping of large‐crowned tropical trees.