不同氮效率水稻品种根系生理生态指标的差异

以氮素利用效率差异大的两个水稻品种(氮高效品种南光和氮低效品种Elio)作为试验材料,设计高低两个供氮水平,在温室砂培条件下研究了不同氮效率水稻高效吸收利用氮素的根系生物学特性及生理机制.结果表明,在两个供氮水平下,氮高效水稻南光的产量均显著大于氮低效水稻,增幅在50%以上.随着供氮水平的提高,两个水稻品种植株的总吸氮量和干物质量随之增加,氮高效水稻南光的生育后期吸氮量和地上部及根系的生物量显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;氮高效水稻品种南光根系形态参数对氮素营养的响应度高于氮低效品种Elio,高氮处理下,南光较低氮处理分别增加127%(总根长)和114%(根系表面积),而Elio仅增加92%(总根长)和82%(根系表面积),而且Elio在齐穗期后根系形态参数水平下降显著;南光的根系伤流强度在拔节期较氮低效水稻Elio高出11%(1mmol L-1)和32%(5mmol L-1),灌浆期南光较Elio高出12%(1mmol L-1)和12%(5mmol L-1),差异均显著.由本试验结果可推断根系形态及根系活力的差异是造成水稻氮效率差异的重要原因之一.     

喷施ABA对两个穗型不同小麦穗颈节伤流、穗部性状及产量的影响

以冬小麦品种山农8355和山农15为试验材料,研究了不同ABA喷期处理条件下,小麦花后穗颈节伤流变化及其对籽粒穗部性状与产量的影响。结果表明,多穗型品种SN15伤流强度呈现出单峰变化,而大穗型品种SN8355呈现一定的双峰变化趋势,其伤流强度在后期出现一个小高峰。不论是孕穗后期喷施ABA处理(T1)还是花后3d喷施ABA处理(T2),一定程度上均有利于花后穗颈节伤流的增加。各粒位籽粒粒重与体积在不同生育时期表现基本相同,大体上表现为T1处理较对照小,而T2处理则较对照大,即T2＞CK＞T1。施用ABA可改善穗部营养状况,最高增加穗粒数31.31%,平均提高小穗结实率2.79%,增加穗粒重7.90%-19.01%,并最终增加产量4.08%-9.81%。相关分析表明,穗颈节伤流强度在大多数生育时期与穗粒重关系密切,而群体伤流强度则与产量关系相对密切。研究表明,合理施用ABA能够调节小麦穗颈节伤流强度,从而可以优化穗部性状发育,利于产量的提高。     

Effect of Bleeding on Lipid Oxidation in the Chub Mackerel Muscle

Chub mackerel samples were prepared by two different methods of killing, struggling death in iced sea water (control) and instant death by mechanical bleeding (bleeding). The malonaldehyde content in the muscles of the bleeding sample were significantly higher than those of the control after 119 h of storage at 0 °C.     

Negligible effects of blood sampling on reproductive performance and return rates of Tree Swallows

Blood sampling is a frequently used method of collecting genetic and physiological data in natural populations, and understanding the possible impact of blood sampling on individuals and populations is important, both for the welfare of study organisms and to avoid introducing bias into analyses using bled individuals. Most studies of birds have revealed minimal negative effects of blood sampling. However, Brown and Brown (2009. Auk 126: 853–861) found that blood sampling reduced return rates of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), suggesting that these results are not always generalizable and that swallows (Hirundinidae) may be particularly sensitive to blood sampling. We examined the possible effects of blood sampling on the reproductive performance of female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and the return rates of both females and offspring in a population in New York state. To reduce the chances of Type II error, we tested 15 possible effects of blood sampling on reproductive performance and return rates using generalized linear mixed models. Overall, our results suggest that blood sampling had few negative effects on within‐year reproductive success or survival of adult females. The one exception was that bleeding nestlings had a negative effect on the number of young that fledged in broods of five or six nestlings. Bleeding did not negatively impact return rates of females or nestlings in our Tree Swallow population. Our results support those of other studies suggesting that blood sampling has few negative effects on within‐year reproductive success or survival of adult females, and reiterate the importance of systematically testing for possible effects with datasets compiled over multiple years because such effects may be impossible to detect via direct monitoring during a single breeding season.     

坤泰胶囊联合米非司酮治疗围绝经期功能失调性子宫出血的疗效及对bFGF、VEGF水平的影响

摘要 目的：分析坤泰胶囊联合米非司酮治疗围绝经期功能失调性子宫出血（DUB）的疗效及对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）水平的影响。方法：选取2021年10月-2022年10月在合肥市第一人民医院滨湖院区妇科门诊就医的88例围绝经期DUB患者作为研究对象,采用随机数据表法将其分为研究组和对照组,每组各44例,两组患者入组后均给予常规对症治疗,对照组患者在此基础上给予口服米非司酮胶囊,用量为每日1次,每次10 mg。研究组患者在对照组疗法的基础上给予口服坤泰胶囊,用量为每日3次,每次2 g。两组患者均连续服用3个月。对两组患者的疗效指标及治疗前和治疗3个月时的子宫内膜厚度、血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、泌乳素（PRL）、雌二醇（E₂）、bFGF、VEGF水平进行比较。对两组患者治疗期间的不良反应进行比较。结果：研究组患者的疗效等级分布优于对照组,有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗前的子宫内膜厚度及血清性激素、bFGF、VEGF水平的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,在治疗3个月末,两组患者的子宫内膜厚度及血清FSH、LH、PRL、E₂水平均较治疗前降低,血清bFGF、VEGF水平均较治疗前升高（P<0.05）,研究组患者在治疗3个月末的子宫内膜厚度及血清FSH、LH、PRL、E₂水平均低于对照组,血清bFGF、VEGF水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应均为轻度,在未经治疗的情况下患者可耐受,未见因不良反应而中断治疗的患者。两组各项不良反应发生率和不良反应总发生率的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：在围绝经期DUB的治疗中,采用坤泰胶囊联合米非司酮的中西医治疗方案,在临床疗效优于单用米非司酮方案,能够更加显著地改善血清激素水平、抑制子宫内膜增生、提升bFGF、VEGF等血管生成因子的表达水平。     

Xylem exudate yield from detopped maize plants as an estimator of root pruning

Current methods of studying roots are either labour intensive or require expensive equipment. In 1986 and 1987 root pruning treatments were given to maize plants grown indoors. In both years the amount of xylem exudate collected from plant stumps shortly after root pruning increased with the dry weight of roots attached to the plant. The measurement of xylem exudation is presented as an alternative for conventional laborious root-study methods.     

Cuticular receptor activation of postural motoneurons in the abdomen of the hermit crab,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pagurus pollicarus</Emphasis>

Displacement of the abdominal cuticle of the hermit crab, Pagurus pollicarus, activates motoneurons of the ventral superficial muscles that mediate posture and slow movements. Five excitatory motoneurons innervating the right ventral superficial muscle of the fourth abdominal segment were activated in a phasic stereotyped fashion in the isolated nervous system. Intracellular records from these motoneurons showed an initial monosynaptic burst, a period of inhibition in which inhibitory post-synaptic potentials were present and then a later period of increased spike frequency generated by excitatory post-synaptic potentials. The reflex response was maintained after severing all ganglionic roots from peripheral structures, isolating the nerve cord from peripheral feedback pathways. The two excitatory components of the response showed a dependence on strain that was much smaller than that found in sensory afferents. There was no relationship between the site of touch to the cuticle and the intensity or pattern of activation of the motoneurons. The reflex burst produced a transient activation of both longitudinal and transverse/circular layers of the muscle with forces that varied between 10% and 25% of the maximum muscle force. These results are consistent with a feedforward regulation of muscle stiffness.     

Variability of motoneuron activation and the modulation of force production in a postural reflex of the hermit crab abdomen

The tri-phasic reflex in hermit crab (Pagurus pollicarus) abdomen is triggered by local mechanoreceptors and is essential for postural control. The reflex consists of three stereotypical phases: a brief, high-frequency burst, a transient cessation of firing, and a late-discharge that is much lower in frequency than the initial burst. To better understand the reflex generation of force, variability of motoneuron discharge in each of five parameters of reflex activation was assessed. An intracellular current injection routine was used to correlate each of these parameters with force production. Phase 3 motoneuron firing frequency showed the greatest correlation with force production. Phase 3 spike rate increased as a function of phase 2 duration, but the relationship between phase 2 duration and force produced by the reflex was weak. Junction potential amplitude decreased as phase 2 duration increased, and we hypothesize that this trend counteracts the increased phase 3 frequency, explaining the weak relationship of phase 2 duration and force production. Surprisingly, when phase 3 frequency was held constant and phase 2 was increased in duration, the concurrent decrease in junction potential amplitude did not reduce force production.     

Avoidance reflexes mediated by contact chemoreceptors on the legs of locusts

Taste receptors, or basiconic sensilla, are distributed over the legs of the locust and respond to direct contact with chemical stimulants. The same chemosensory neurones that responded to contact with salt solutions also responded to particular acidic odours. Odours of food and other chemicals had no effect on the chemosensory neurones. In locusts free to move, an acid odour presented to the tarsus of a hind leg evoked a rapid avoidance movement in which the tarsus was levated, the tibia flexed and the femur levated. Intracellular recordings from motor neurones that innervate muscles of the hind leg showed that when an acid odour was directed towards basiconic sensilla on the leg there was a reciprocal activation of antagonistic motor pools that move the leg segments about each joint. Thus an extensor tibiae motor neurone was inhibited while a flexor tibiae motor neurone was excited, and the tarsal depressor and retractor unguis motor neurones were inhibited while the tarsal levator motor neurone was excited. This method of odour stimulation of taste receptors generates less adaptation than direct contact with chemicals, and therefore represents an ideal method for stimulating taste receptors for further studies on the central pathways processing taste signals. Accepted: 2 June 1998     

Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue and spasticity in chronic stroke patients: A pilot study

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of neuromuscular fatigue on stretch reflex-related torque and electromyographic activity of spastic knee extensor muscles in hemiplegic patients. The second aim was to characterize the time course of quadriceps muscle fatigue during repetitive concentric contractions.MethodsEighteen patients performed passive, isometric and concentric isokinetic evaluations before and after a fatigue protocol using an isokinetic dynamometer. Voluntary strength and spasticity were evaluated following the simultaneous recording of torque and electromyographic activity of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF).ResultsIsometric knee extension torque and the root mean square (RMS) value of VL decreased in the fatigued state. During the fatigue protocol, the normalized peak torque decreased whereas the RMS of RF and BF increased between the first five and last five contractions. There was a linear decrease in the neuromuscular efficiency-repetitions relationships for RF and VL. The peak resistive torque and the normalized RMS of RF and VL during passive stretching movements were not modified by the fatigue protocol for any stretch velocity.DiscussionThis study showed that localized quadriceps muscle fatigue caused a decrease in voluntary strength which did not modify spasticity intensity. Changes in the distribution of muscle fiber type, with a greater number of slow fibers on the paretic side, may explain why the stretch reflex was not affected by fatigue.