云南省两种鸟类新纪录

2010年10月至2012年11月作者在云南省香格里拉县和曲靖市会泽县等地进行鸟类调查和鸟类摄影时,先后观察记录到高原山鹑（Perdix hodgsoniae）和白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）两种鸟,经查阅相关文献和专著,确认高原山鹑和白鹤为云南省鸟类新纪录。     

THE VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE GREY CROWNED CRANE BALEARICA REGULORUM GIBBERICEPS. II: THE UNISON CALL

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the acoustic features and the behavioural context of the unison call of the East African Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum gibbericeps. It speculates on the different functions of the unison call according to the situations where it is given. This is tested with the appeasement-threat hypothesis, which claims that the threatening acoustic characteristics of the unison call should be enhanced if it is given as a territorial call. In comparison, the appeasing acoustic characteristics should be stronger if the unison call is performed at flock sites where it possibly serves for mate assessment.     

Gypsy moth feeding in the canopy of a CO2-enriched mature forest

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration is expected to change plant tissue quality with important implications for plant–insect interactions. Taking advantage of canopy access by a crane and long‐term CO₂ enrichment (530 μ mol mol^?1) of a natural old‐growth forest (web‐free air carbon dioxide enrichment), we studied the responses of a generalist insect herbivore feeding in the canopy of tall trees. We found that relative growth rates (RGR) of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) were reduced by 30% in larvae fed on high CO₂‐exposed Quercus petraea, but increased by 29% when fed on high CO₂‐grown Carpinus betulus compared with control trees at ambient CO₂ (370 μ mol mol^?1). In Fagus sylvatica, there was a nonsignificant trend for reduced RGR under elevated CO₂. Tree species‐specific changes in starch to nitrogen ratio, water, and the concentrations of proteins, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in response to elevated CO₂ were identified to correlate with altered RGR of gypsy moth larvae. Our data suggest that rising atmospheric CO₂ will have strong species‐specific effects on leaf chemical composition of canopy trees in natural forests leading to contrasting responses of herbivores such as those reported here. A future change in host tree preference seems likely with far‐ranging consequences for forest community dynamics.     

Description and DNA barcoding of Tipula ( Pterelachisus) recondita sp. n. from the Palaearctic region (Diptera, Tipulidae)

Tipula (Pterelachisus) recondita Pilipenko & Salmela, sp. n. is described. The new species is collected from two localities: Finland, Kittilä (North boreal ecoregion) and Russia, Primorski kray (Zone of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests). Although variation in the structure of male hypopygium between the Finnish and Russian populations is observed, DNA barcode sequences differ only by three nucleotides (0.2 % K2P distance), supporting presence of one widespread species. K2P minimum distances between the new species and 17 other species of the subgenus range from 5.3 to 15.8 % (mean 8.8 %). The new species is forest-dwelling, known from an old-growth herb-rich forest (Finland) and Quercus mongolica forest (Russia). The new species is perhaps closest to Tipula (Pterelachisus) imitator Alexander and in lesser extent to Tipula (Pterelachisus) pauli Mannheims; the inner gonostylus of both species are illustrated.     

鄱阳湖越冬白枕鹤活动区面积与水位和气温的关系

2014年11月至2015年3月,以及2015年11月至2016年3月,利用卫星跟踪技术对6只越冬于鄱阳湖的白枕鹤(Grus vipio)活动区面积进行了研究,利用广义线性混合模型(GLMM)分析了水位、气温、年份、年龄及个体差异对活动区面积的影响,利用Pearson相关分析将对活动区面积影响较大的因子与活动区面积进行了相关性分析。结果发现,两个越冬期内白枕鹤平均周活动区面积,2014至2015越冬期为(57.85±94.67)km~2,2015至2016越冬期为(12.01±17.74)km~2。在两个越冬期内,活动区面积均呈显著下降趋势(2014~2015年,t=﹣2.831,P0.01;2015~2016年,t=﹣3.422,P0.01);气温对活动区面积的影响不显著(P0.05),而水位对活动区面积具有极显著影响(P0.01);2014~2015年水位高度(14.92±0.65)m,2015~2016年水位高度(15.39±0.70)m,周活动区面积与同期水位高度显著正相关(2014~2015年,r=0.370,P0.01;2015~2016年,r=0.380,P0.01)。推测水位的变化影响越冬白枕鹤主要食物的生长及可获得性,进而导致越冬期白枕鹤活动区面积的相应变化。     

世界鹤类系统检索

本文把全世界的15种鹤,加以全面的系统检索。对鹤类不仅从其外观形态特征,而且从比较解剖及声调等,进行检索。这样做,认为还是首次的。     

白枕鹤的呼吸系统及其生态适应

白枕鹤的呼吸系统由喉头、气管、鸣管、肺及气囊组成。喉头有淋巴小结分布。气管在龙骨突起内盘旋,并随年龄而增长,软骨环逐渐骨化。鸣管由左右两个支气管特化而成,呈膜状扁管入肺。肺的长度约占躯干的1/2。气囊几遍布全身,高度发达。整个呼吸系统的结构,与其高空飞翔生活相适应。     

繁殖期内丹顶鹤的日常短鸣声行为模式分析

繁殖期内,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的日常短鸣声行为具有一定的模式。本文通过行为的实时观察,并利用MATLAB分析软件对日常短鸣声进行了计算机声谱分析,给出了鸣声模式的声图、示波图和频谱。结果表明：雄性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个音节;而雌性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,最少的含有4个音节。雌雄鸣声的共同特性是每个音节都是由三个声脉冲组成。l号鹤的谐和特性较好,2号音色较纯净;雌性鸣肌速率较高,雄性则较低。自由选择配对组配偶间音质是一纯一杂,而人为组合组雌雄音质相同。     

白鹤迁徙动态及其停歇地环境条件研究

在吉林省莫莫格保护区于2000年4－5月对途经此地的白鹤（Grus leucogeranus)种群数量和停歇地环境条件进行研究的结果表明：白鹤于4月3日左右迁来,高峰期在4月下旬,最多数量达到577只（4月27日）,5月8日离开莫莫格,停歇期36天。白鹤迁徙活动受风速、气温、降雨等天气条件影响。喜栖湿草甸、浅水湖泡及湖泡中间的“旱堑”。取食鱼类及植物,以植物性食物为主。本文提出了进一步研究和保护白鹤迁徒停歇地的措施。