Factor-free and one-factor-promoted poly(U,C)-dependent synthesis of polypeptides in cell-free systems from Escherichia coli

α-Tropomyosin from rat cardiac muscle was shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to become phosphorylated when tissue slices were incubated in Eagle's medium supplemented with ³²P_i. In the adult rat and mouse heart the level of phosphorylation was ～30%, but the level was much higher in the foetal heart (60–70%). A similar developmental trend was observed in skeletal muscle from the rat and mouse, where phosphorylated forms of both α- and β-tropomyosins were observed. When rat cardiac cells were grown in tissue culture in the presence of ³²P_i, radioactivity was incorporated into the region of the gel containing tropomyosin.     

The use of bridging systems to increase genetic variability in compound chromosome strains for genetic control of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)

Summary Genetic variability in the non-compound portion of the genomes of compound-chromosome (CC) strains intended for genetic control can be increased by the use of bridging strains which can be crossed to both CC and normal strains. Two bridging systems are described for chromosome-5 CC strains of Lucilia cuprina. The first system relies on the established viability and fertility of males trisomic for chromosome 5R. Males carrying the (5L.YL)23 half-translocation, a C(5R), and a normal chromosome 5 were crossed successfully to a CC strain and a normal strain. The second system uses a pair of reciprocal whole-arm 4;5 translocations to generate gametes disomic for 5R and nullosomic for 5L, which in combination with C(5L)-bearing gametes form viable near-euploid offspring with only small duplications and deficiencies. These offspring (C(5L); (4L.5R)357; (4R.5R)194; (4L.4R)) were crossed successfully with both CC and T(4;5)357/ + individuals. The latter were in turn crossed successfully with normal strains. The T(Y;5)23 system allows replacement of the non-CC genome with wild material more rapidly than the T(4;5)357/T(4;5)194 system, but unlike the latter does not allow replacement of the Y chromosome in the CC strain. The double translocation system is currently being used in L. cuprina.     

Carbohydrate energy metabolism in Fasciola gigantica (trematoda)

Umezurike G. M. and Anya A. O. 1980. Carbohydrate energy metabolism in Fasciola gigantica (Trematoda). International Journal for Parasitology10: 175–180. Adult Fasciola gigantica contained 4.49 ± 0.06 % (mean ± S.D.) wet weight glycogen. Tissue homogenates contained high levels of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NAD-linked malic enzyme (ME), Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). MDH, PEPCK and ME activities appeared to be localized in both cytosolic and mitoehondrial fractions, fumarase activity appeared to be predominantly mitochondrial whereas LDH and pyruvate kinase activities were cytosolic in distribution. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the predominance of LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3 but only traces of LDH-4 and LDH-5 isoenzymes in the crude cytosolic fraction. LDH activity in the crude sample was inhibited by excess substrate (pyruvate). The mitoehondrial system showed NADH -cytochrome c oxidoreductase, succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, NADH oxidase and some cytochrome c-oxygen oxidoreductase activities. Under anaerobic conditions, NADH-fumarate oxidoreductase and succinate-NAD + oxidoreductase activities of mitoehondrial preparations were stimulated in the presence of ADP and ATP respectively. Isolated mitochondria contained rhodoquinone and no ubiquinone, and isolated rhodoquinone was readily reduced by succinate in the presence of submitochondrial particles. Hydrogen peroxide was produced by submitochondrial particles in the presence or absence of KCN or in the presence of fumarate.     

Hysteresis,oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic immobilized enzyme systems

Summary Hysteresis, oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic biochemical systems governed by P.D.E.s are considered from both numerical and mathematical points of view. Analysis of multiple steady states in the case of hysteresis, and bifurcation theory in the cases of oscillations and pattern formation, account for the observed numerical results. The possibility to realize these systems experimentally is their main interest, thus bringing further arguments in favor of theories explaining basic biological phenomena by diffusion and reaction.     

Parameter identification of the calvin photosynthesis cycle

Summary This article is concerned with the determination of kinetic parameters of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle which is described by seventeen nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the task requires dynamic data for several sets of initial conditions. The numerical technique is based upon an algorithm for non-linear optimization and Gear's numerical integration scheme for stiff systems of differential equations. The sensitivity of the parameters to noise in the data is tested with a method adapted from Rosenbrook and Storey. A preliminary set of parameters has been obtained from a preliminary set of experimental data. The numerical methods are then tested with synthetic data derived from these parameters. The mathematical model and the results obtained in the simulation are used as an aid in designing new experiments.     

The effect of transfer from low to high light intensity on electron transport in Rhodospirillum rubrum membranes

The effects of transfer from low to high ligh intensity on membrane bound electrontransport reactions of Rhodospirillum rubrum were investigated. The experiments were performed with cultures which did not form bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) for about two cell mass doublings during the initial phase of adaptation to high light intensity. Lack of Bchl synthesis causes a decrease of Bchl contents of cells and membranes. Also, the cellular amounts of photosynthetically active intracytoplasmic membranes decrease.In crude membrane fractions containing both cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes the initial activities of NADH oxidizing reactions increase only slightly (about 1.2 times) per protein, but the initial activities of succinate oxidizing reactions decrease (multiplied by a factor of 0.7). On a Bchl basis activities of NADH oxidizing reactions increase 3.4 times while activities of succinate dependent reactions increase 1.9 times. With isolated intracytoplasmic membranes activities of NADH as well as succinate dependent reactions increase to a comparable extent on a Bchl basis (about 1.8 times) and stay nearly constant on a protein basis. Cytochrome c oxidase responds like succinate dependent reactions. The data indicate that in cells growing under the conditions applied NADH oxidizing electron transport systems are incorporated into both, cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes, while incorporation of succinate oxidizing systems is confined to intracytoplasmic membranes only.Activities of photophosphorylation and succinate dependent NAD⁺ reduction in the light increase per Bchl about 1.8 times. On a Bchl basis increases of the fast light induced on reactions at 422 nm and increases of soluble cytochrome c ₂ levels are comparable to increases of photophosphorylations and succinate dependent activities. But increases of slow light off reactions at 428 nm and of b-type cytochrome levels become three times greater then increases of cytochrome c ₂ reactions and levels. These results infer that although electrontransport reactions of intracytoplasmic membranes change correlated to each other, Bchl, cytochrome c ₂ and b-type cytochromes cellular levels are independent of each other. Furthermore, the data indicate that cytochrome c ₂ rather than b-type cytochrome is involved with steps rate limiting for photophosphorylation.Abbreviations Bchl bacteriochlorophyll - DCIP 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol     

The messenger matters: Pollinator functional group influences mating system dynamics

The incredible diversity of plant mating systems has fuelled research in evolutionary biology for over a century. Currently, there is broad concern about the impact of rapidly changing pollinator communities on plant populations. Very few studies, however, examine patterns and mechanisms associated with multiple paternity from cross‐pollen loads. Often, foraging pollinators collect a mixed pollen load that may result in the deposition of pollen from different sires to receptive stigmas. Coincident deposition of self‐ and cross‐pollen leads to interesting mating system dynamics and has been investigated in numerous species. But, mixed pollen loads often consist of a diversity of cross‐pollen and result in multiple sires of seeds within a fruit. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Rhodes, Fant, and Skogen ( 2017 ) examine how pollinator identity and spatial isolation influence multiple paternity within fruits of a self‐incompatible evening primrose. The authors demonstrate that pollen pool diversity varies between two pollinator types, hawkmoths and diurnal solitary bees. Further, progeny from more isolated plants were less likely to have multiple sires regardless of the pollinator type. Moving forward, studies of mating system dynamics should consider the implications of multiple paternity and move beyond the self‐ and cross‐pollination paradigm. Rhodes et al. ( 2017 ) demonstrate the importance of understanding the roles that functionally diverse pollinators play in mating system dynamics.     

Floral biology and pollinators of three co-occurring Cistus species (Gistaceae)

BOSCH, J., 1992. Floral biology and pollinators of three co-occurring Cistus species (Cistaceae). The pollination of three species of Cistus, Cistus albidus L., Cistus salvifolius L. and Cistus monspeliensis L. is studied. Insect visitors were censused and some were captured to analyse pollen distribution on their bodies. Floral phenology, breeding systems, some aspects of floral biology (pollen and nectar production, pollen-ovule ratios) and floral morphology were also studied for each species. Flowers of C. albidus produce more pollen and nectar than the other two species studied, and attract more insects, especially those with higher nutritional requirements. All three species are highly self-incompatible, but C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis show some features that hinder xenogamy, and they have lower pollen-ovule ratios than C. albidus. As a result, this latter species apparently receives higher levels of cross-pollination, but at the cost of a higher investment to attract and reward reliable pollinators.     

News from the Biological Stain Commission No. 12

Abstract

In this 12^th issue of News from the Biological Stain Commission (BSC) under the heading of Regulatory affairs, the Biological Stain Commission’s International Affairs Committee presents information from the meetings of ISO/TC 212/WG 1 Quality and competence in the medical laboratory and ISO/TC 212/WG 3 In vitro diagnostic products both held on 2 – 3 June 2010, plus information on the second plenary meeting of ISO/TC 212 Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems held on 4 June 2010. All meetings took place in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Finally, information is provided concerning the 25^th meeting of CEN/TC 140 In vitro diagnostic medical devices held on 23 June 2010 in Berlin, Germany.     

Potential applications of natural origin polymer-based systems in soft tissue regeneration

Despite the many advances in tissue engineering approaches, scientists still face significant challenges in trying to repair and replace soft tissues. Nature-inspired routes involving the creation of polymer-based systems of natural origins constitute an interesting alternative route to produce novel materials. The interest in these materials comes from the possibility of constructing multi-component systems that can be manipulated by composition allowing one to mimic the tissue environment required for the cellular regeneration of soft tissues. For this purpose, factors such as the design, choice, and compatibility of the polymers are considered to be key factors for successful strategies in soft tissue regeneration. More recently, polysaccharide-protein based systems have being increasingly studied and proposed for the treatment of soft tissues. The characteristics, properties, and compatibility of the resulting materials investigated in the last 10 years, as well as commercially available matrices or those currently under investigation are the subject matter of this review.