虎纹蛙促性腺激素释放激素分泌调节的离体研究

利用离体静态孵育系统和放射免疫测定法,研究了性成熟的虎纹蛙雌蛙离体的视前－下丘脑－正中隆起（P－H－ME）片段促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH)的分泌调节。结果表明：γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）对成熟前期蛙离体P－H－ME片段的哺乳类GnRH（mGnRH)的释放有显著的刺激作用;随着GABA作用浓度的增加,刺激作用逐渐增强。100μmol/L的多巴胺（DA）及1μmol/L和10μmol/L的雌二醇(E2）则显著抑制鸡ⅡGnRH(cGnRH-Ⅱ)的释放。10μmol/L和100μmol/L的睾酮（T）以及10μmol/L的E2显著刺激冬眠期蛙P－H－ME片段mGnRH的释放。这些结果表明,GABA,DA及E2和T对虎蚊蛙GnRH的释放有直接的调节作用。     

Thermal acclimation and hardening in tadpoles of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

1. 1.|Critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and minima (CTMin) were measured to evalute thermal hardening in Rana catesbeiana.

2. 2.|Tadpoles show heat hardening and CTMax acclimation, and both responses are influenced by developmental stage.

3. 3.|The first evidence of cold hardening in vertebrates is reported here.

4. 4.|Heat hardening significantly reduces cold tolerance, but there is otherwise no evidence of a cross-hardening effect.

Stereological study of gonadotropes in the frog,Rana pipiens,after GnRH stimulation in vitro

Summary Previous physiological results have indicated the existence of two releasable pools of gonadotropins in amphibian pituitaries: an acute releasable pool that appears independent of protein synthesis, and a storage pool involved in chronic release that depends on protein synthesis. To elucidate the ultrastructural localization of these pools and the morphological changes induced in gonadotrope cells after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, we carried out a morphometric study of immuno-identified gonadotrope cells using an in vitro superfusion system. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone induced a degranulation of small (110–255 nm) and medium (236–360 nm) secretory granules as well as hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Simultaneous incubation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cycloheximide inhibited the release of secretory granules although the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex were hypertrophied. These morphological results strongly suggest: (1) that gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces degranulation and hypertrophy of the biosynthetic machinery in gonadotrope cells; and (2) that the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex by stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone is independent of protein synthesis, while the release of secretory granules is protein synthesis-dependent. In addition, the second or storage pool of gonadotropin is associated mainly with the small and medium secretory granules.     

中国蛙类一新种(无尾目,蛙科)

描述了1种采自广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的蛙类1新种,模式标本保存于沈阳师范大学自然博物馆.猫儿山林蛙,新种Rana maoershanensis sp.nov.(图1～17)正模:SYNU 06020120,雄性成体,李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月采集自广西壮族自治区猫儿山国家级自然保护区,海拔1 980 m.配模:SYNU 06020091,SYNU 06020122和SYNU06020124,雄性成体;SYNU06020121,SYNU06040153,SYN 0604154和SYNU 06040155,雌性成体.李丕鹏和王绍能于2006年2月和4月采集,采集地点与正模相同.蝌蚪:SYNU0602001和SYNU 0604001系列,采集信息与配模标本相同.新种具有如下主要鉴别特征:1)体略大;2)头宽略大于头长;3)背侧褶明显且略弯曲;4)胫跗关节前达眼角;5)雄性婚垫2团,无内声囊,腹部无雄性线;6)蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1,少数为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅳ.新种在头型上与中国林蛙相似,在体形上与昭觉林蛙相似.但与已知林蛙均有明显不同.新种的背侧褶略显弯曲,这一特点明显不同于主要分布于中国北方的黑龙江林蛙种组Rana amurensis group和中国林蛙种组R.chensinensis group的成员.新种与长肢林蛙种组R.longicrus group的镇海林蛙R.zhenhaiensis在背侧褶的弯曲特点上相似,但前者有别于后者的主要特点有:头型较宽扁,雌蛙后腿相对较长,蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ:3-3/Ⅲ:1-1.新种与长肢林蛙种组的其他林蛙不仅在背侧褶和头型等方面明显有别,而且蝌蚪唇齿式也显著不同.通过对四川、贵州和云南的昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis成体和蝌蚪标本(包括地模标本)的核查和比较,新种的胫跗关节前达眼角,皮肤光滑,缺乏疣粒,雄性腹侧无雄性线,蝌蚪下唇乳突排列规则,中央无缺刻;而昭觉林蛙胫跗关节前达鼻孔或超过吻端,体侧和背部有圆疣或长疣,雄性背腹侧均有雄性线,蝌蚪下唇中央乳头排列稀疏或有缺刻.     

云南昆明地区滇蛙和昭觉林蛙的形态特征及习性分化比较

根据对滇蛙（Rana pleuraden）和昭觉林蛙（R．chaochiaoensis）标本外部形态比较和野外观察结果,滇蛙和昭觉林蛙的雌雄性比大约在1：1之间,而它们的形态特征、栖境与习性、繁殖时间等均存在分化。昭觉林蛙更适应陆地生活。昆明地区的滇蛙和昭觉林蛙的繁殖策略不同,滇蛙的繁殖在3—7月,昭觉林蛙的在9—11月。昭觉林蛙选择在冬季繁殖,可以避开与其它蛙类的繁殖竞争,但其更深层次的生物学意义值得进一步探讨。     

Structural analysis of the oligosaccharide-alditols released by reductive β-elimination from oviducal mucins of Rana temporaria

The carbohydrate chains of the mucins which constitute the jelly coat surrounding the eggs of Rana temporaria were released by alkaline borohydride treatment. Neutral and acidic oligosaccharide-alditols were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and HPLC. From the structural analysis, based upon 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy in combination with MALDI-TOF, the following glycan units are proposed. Abbreviations: MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; COSY, correlation spectroscopy; HSQC, heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectroscopy; HMQC, heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence spectroscopy; ROESY, rotating-frame overhauser enhancement spectroscopy; Fuc, fucose; Gal, galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; GalNAc-ol, N-acetylgalactosaminitol; GlcA, glucuronic acid     

辽宁蛙科一新种：无尾目

１９８６－１９８７年４月在辽宁省桓仁县采到２５只成蛙。其鉴别特征为,头宽大于头长;鼓膜约为眼径的１／２;背侧褶细而折曲;胫长于足;趾间全蹼,缺刻浅;雄性无声囊,无雄性线。此蛙与林蛙其它种均有明显区别,故定为新种,桓仁林蛙Ｒａｎａ ｈｕａｎｒｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

一株牛蛙源金黄杆菌的分离鉴定及其致病特性

【背景】美国牛蛙养殖过程中病害问题非常突出,尤其是细菌性病害,其病原种类多、病原菌复杂多样、蔓延速度快、发病死亡率高,一直是牛蛙养殖过程中防控的难点。【目的】确定从患病牛蛙体内分离到的一株细菌NW1203的分类地位和致病性。【方法】无菌操作从牛蛙体内取样划线分离细菌,通过形态观察、生理生化试验、16S rRNA基因序列比对进行种属鉴定,通过人工感染、溶血性试验和病理切片观察分析其致病特性。【结果】经形态和生理生化鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列比对,菌株NW1203为金黄杆菌属细菌,与Chryseobacterium sp. F30的相似性达100%,进化树也显示该菌与金黄杆菌属细菌聚类;溶血性试验表明,菌株NW1203对绵羊、小鼠和牛蛙的血细胞都呈完全溶血;人工感染试验及感染病蛙的组织切片观察显示,菌株NW1203对牛蛙具有较强致病性,可引起牛蛙肝、肾、脾等主要组织严重病变,LD50为4.753×103 CFU/g。【结论】明确了菌株NW1203为牛蛙新病原,为牛蛙疾病的防控提供了理论依据。     

Habitat Characteristics of Lowland Leopard Frogs in Mountain Canyons of Southeastern Arizona

Abstract: Many aquatic species in the arid southwestern United States are imperiled, persisting primarily in isolated, low-order streams that are increasingly vulnerable to stochastic disturbances. During 2003 and 2004, we surveyed 39 mountain canyons in southeastern Arizona, USA, for lowland leopard frogs (Rana yavapaiensis), a species that has declined in abundance and distribution across its range in the United States. We quantified habitat features at 2 spatial scales, canyon and pool, to identify features that distinguished sites inhabited by frogs from those uninhabited by frogs. Canyons inhabited by frogs had watersheds that averaged 8.1 km² larger (SE = 2.52), pools that averaged 37.8 m³ greater (9.30) in volume, gradients that averaged 4.1% (1.40%) less steep, and locations that averaged 3.2 km closer (1.06) to the nearest valley stream than did uninhabited canyons. Plunge pools inhabited by frogs averaged 13.5% (5.66%) more perimeter vegetation, 11.2% (5.34%) more canopy cover, and 1.9 (0.60) more refuges than uninhabited pools. In general, canyons that provided more perennial water during dry summer months and plunge pools that provided more bank heterogeneity were more likely to be inhabited by frogs. Conservation of lowland leopard frogs and other aquatic species that inhabit xeric systems in the southwestern United States depends principally on maintaining riparian ecosystems that provide habitat for these species and the adjacent uplands that influence the structure and function of these systems. Therefore, both riparian areas and their adjacent uplands must be managed to maintain habitat for organisms that inhabit these rare and diverse ecosystems.     

Genetic diversity across a vertebrate species' range: a test of the central-peripheral hypothesis

Although it has been long presumed that population genetic variability should decrease as a species' range margin is approached, results of empirical investigations remain ambiguous. Sampling strategies employed by many of these studies have not adequately sampled the entire range. Here we present the results of an investigation of population genetic diversity in a vertebrate species, the Italian agile frog, Rana latastei, sampled comprehensively across its entire range. Our results show that genetic variability is not correlated with population location with respect to the range periphery. Instead, the model that best explains the genetic variation detectable across the range is based on an east-to-west gradient of declining diversity. Although we cannot state definitively what has led to this distribution, the most likely explanation is that the range of Rana latastei expanded postglacially from a Balkan refugium.