辽宁蛙科一新种：无尾目

１９８６－１９８７年４月在辽宁省桓仁县采到２５只成蛙。其鉴别特征为,头宽大于头长;鼓膜约为眼径的１／２;背侧褶细而折曲;胫长于足;趾间全蹼,缺刻浅;雄性无声囊,无雄性线。此蛙与林蛙其它种均有明显区别,故定为新种,桓仁林蛙Ｒａｎａ ｈｕａｎｒｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

牛蛙冬眠期及其前后的消化道嗜银细胞分布

为研究两栖类在冬眠期及其前后消化道嗜银细胞是否参与冬眠期的消化调节,本文以牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)为实验对象,采用Grimelius银染法,对冬眠期前(n = 10)、冬眠期(n = 10)和冬眠期后(n = 10)牛蛙消化道嗜银细胞的形态及密度进行比较研究。结果表明,牛蛙消化道各部位均有嗜银细胞分布;牛蛙消化道嗜银细胞形态在冬眠期、冬眠期前及冬眠期后无差异,均为锥体型、梭型和椭圆型;牛蛙消化道各部位具有外分泌功能的锥体型和梭形嗜银细胞密度在3个时期均显著高于具有内分泌功能的椭圆型嗜银细胞密度(P < 0.01);3个时期牛蛙消化道嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均位于空肠处,但低谷有所不同,冬眠期前和冬眠期后牛蛙消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度低谷位于食管,而冬眠期其分布密度低谷位于贲门;3个时期相比,冬眠期前和冬眠期幽门处分布密度差异不显著(P > 0.05),其余部位均有差异,且食管、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠中嗜银细胞分布密度在冬眠期显著高于冬眠期前和冬眠期后(P < 0.05);冬眠期前和冬眠期后消化道嗜银细胞分布密度呈倒“U”型趋势,冬眠期分布密度呈现“~”型趋势。结合相关研究,推测牛蛙嗜银细胞分布密度的改变可能与机体适应不同生理状态及消化功能的调节有关。     

The water frogs of Greece: Bioacoustic evidence for a new species

The structure of the mating call of lake frogs (referred to as R. ridibunda) from 16 populations in Greece was analyzed for local variation using multivariate statistics. The populations of Thrace and of the island of Samothraki form a group giving the same type of mating call, whereas the mating call of the other populations differs in the degree of temperature dependence of four parameters, and specifically in the number of pulses/pulse group and pulse groups/call. Discriminant functions distinguish even single call series with a probability of 97%, intermediate mating calls are absent, and there is a significant, but slight differentiation of external morphological characters. These results have strong taxonomic implications. We conclude that the lake frogs of Greece comprise two species. The mating call of the lake frogs from Thrace resembles in all parameters that of the Rana ridibunda in the terra typica restricta (Guryev, CIS). Accordingly, the lake frogs of eastern Greece belong to R. ridibunda. The mating call of these lake frogs consists of 20 pulses/pulse group and of 7 pulse groups/call on the average. Most of Greece is inhabited by the second taxon, Rana balcanica sp. n. Its mating call is characterized by 27 pulses/pulse group and 4 pulse groups/call on the average. The two species in Greece do not differ with respect to coloration and size, but several standardized indices vary significantly: body length/digitus primus length; body length/callus internus length; body length/snout-eye distance; body length/tympanum diameter; tibia length/callus internus length; maximal head width/snout-eye distance.     

林蛙受精卵的表面收缩波和卵裂起动收缩

林蛙受精卵表面的大豆凝集素结合位点没有侧向运动,联在结合位点上的标记物在卵表面位置的改变应该可以反映卵表面运动。本文利用近景摄影测量术和侧向摄影法观测卵表面标记点位置的变化,得到下面的结果:1.卵裂前30—40min,整个卵表面都向预定分裂沟中心移动,表示卵表面在收缩。卵裂前15min左右,沟中心附近的卵表面开始松弛,随之是离沟较远处的卵表面松弛,显示卵表面有一个从预定分裂沟中心向四周传播的收缩波(图2—5)。如果以相邻标记点之间的距离变化作图(图6),则出现两个波,一个是松弛波,一个是收缩波。本文对卵表面究竟出现一个波还是两个波的问题进行了讨论。2.分裂沟中心附近收缩时,高程逐渐下降,基部两侧逐渐加宽(图7和图8);卵松弛时,高程增加,基部收缩。所以卵高程的变化也是从预定分裂沟中心波浪形地向四周传播的。3.卵裂沟出现前3—5 min,预定分裂沟两端开始向沟中心收缩,这是卵裂起动收缩。以后收缩范围逐渐扩大,强度亦增加,但预定分裂沟两侧的卵表面没有向预定分裂沟两端移动。这一结果支持了赤道区收缩的假说。     

凝集素抑制林蛙卵裂沟新膜外露的作用

剥去受精膜的林蛙卵分裂时,分裂沟中的新膜会暴露出来。林蛙老膜上有大量均匀分布的麦胚和大豆凝集素受体。卵裂前,将剥去受精膜的蛙卵浸于上述的凝集素溶液中,新膜的外露就被抑制。凝集素愈浓,浸泡时间愈长,抑制愈大。在这些卵的表面可看到一层较厚的由凝集素引起的外被。碱处理过的受精卵表面,凝集素受体减少,凝集素抑制新膜外露的作用亦减弱,由凝集素引起的外被亦薄。凝集素是多价的,会在细胞表面产生交链,形成“外骨骼”,抑制新膜外露。凝集素也可通过受体,影响微丝,产生作用。     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the subfornical organ of the grass frog (Rana pipiens)

Summary The ventricular surface of the subfornical organ of the frog is made up of ependymal cells with numerous apical microvilli, occasional cytoplasmic protrusions and many vacuoles projecting into the lumen of the third ventricle. Between these cells dendrites of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons reach the ventricle to terminate in bulbous enlargements. In addition, flask-shaped encephalo-chromaffin cells, containing granulated vesicles and aggregates of filaments in their cytoplasm, project into the cerebrospinal fluid. Surrounding the centrally located capillaries are enlarged dendrites and axons of heterogeneous morphology, some of which appear to originate within the subfornical organ, intermingled with dendrites and axons of normal structure. The glial cells in this region, especially the microglial cells, often contain large lipofuscin inclusions, suggestive of degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of some of the enlarged dendrites and axons. The normally scarce neurosecretory peptidergic axons become more evident and form typical Herring bodies in stalk-transected animals. Neuronal perikarya of varying morphology are predominantly located peripheral to the region of enlarged dendrites and axons. Supraependymal macrophages are particularly numerous on the subfornical organ.Abbreviations used CSF cerebrospinal fluid - SEM scanning electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy - SFO subfornical organ - TEM transmission electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy Supported, in part, by NIH grant NB 07492The skillful technical assistance of J.G. Linner and the secretarial assistance of Ann Gerdom are gratefully acknowledged. The SEM studies were made possible through a grant from the Graduate College of Iowa State University and the use of the SEM facility in the Department of Botany     

Non-ependymal cilia in the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the frog tadpole

Summary Cilia of the 9+2 pattern are found electron microscopically in nonependymal cells of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the tadpole of Rana esculenta at an early stage of development (8 mm length, head to tip of tail). A comparison is made between these and the ependymal and sensory cilia in the same specimens. The cilia project into the neuropil emerging from a perikaryon rich in free ribosomes and displaying a prominent Golgi apparatus. These perikarya contain dense core vesicles. Synapses with vesicles of the clear spherical type have been observed along the ciliary shaft. On a purely morphologic basis the authors hypothesize that these cilia, at least in this early ontogenetic stage, may extend considerably the conducting surface of the cell and represent a sensory structure which could be stimulated by terminal processes belonging to distantly located cells. In addition, they could also be involved in the trophic exchange of material with the adjacent structures.     

Effect of sciatectomy and induced ammonia stress on Mg2+_adenosine triphosphatase activity in frog tissues

Mg² + dependent —adenosine triphosphatase activity has been studied in the muscle, brain, kidney and liver tissues of frog,Rana hexadactyla (Lesson) after sciatectomy and induced chronic ammonia stress. The enzyme activity decreased in the tissues of the denervated frog. The activity of the enzyme increased in all the tissues of the normal and denervated frogs except in the denervated muscle when ammonium lactate was infused intraperitoneally.     

Electron-microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic,mesotocinergic and somatostatinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the frog

Summary The hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of Rana temporaria was studied at the electron-microscopic level with the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The magnocellular preoptic nucleus of R. temporaria contains at least three different types of neurons: (1) Vasotocinergic neurons, (2) mesotocinergic neurons, and (3) neurons that contain either somatostatin or an immunologically related peptide. The present results are in complete agreement with those of previous immunocytochemical studies conducted at the light microscopic level.     

Toxicité aigüe et bioconcentration du lindane et de la deltaméthrine par les tetards de Rana temporaria et les gambusies (Gambusia affinis)

Acute toxicity and bioconcentration capacities of lindane and deltamethrin were studied in Rana temporaria tadpoles and in mosquitofish. These studies show that the toxicity of deltamethrin is about 100 to 1 000 times greater than that of lindane and bioconcentration factors are very different for these two insecticides. The bioconcentration factor of lindane, a stable chemical, low volatility, hydrophobic and a poorly metabolized molecule is considerable in either static or flow through contamination systems. For deltamethrin, an quickly metabolized molecule, this factor is weak or null. Moreover a comparison of various methods of contamination (static or flow through systems) showed that the experimental conditions of exposure to the insecticide strongly influence the concentration in the tested species.

---

Toxicité aigüe et bioconcentration du lindane et de la deltaméthrine par les tetards de Rana temporaria et les gambusies (Gambusia affinis)