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61.
62.
K. Suzuki · K. Sato · K. Katsu · H. Hayashita · D. Bach Kristensen · K. Yoshizato 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》2001,68(1):44-54
The conversion of the larval to adult epidermis during metamorphosis of tadpoles of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, was investigated utilizing newly cloned Rana keratin cDNAs as probes. Rana larval keratin (RLK) cDNA (rlk) was cloned using highly specific antisera against Xenopus larval keratin (XLK). Tail skin proteins of bullfrog tadpoles were separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blot analysis with anti-XLK antisera. The Rana antigen detected by this method was sequenced and identified as a type II keratin. We cloned rlk from tadpole skin by PCR utilizing primers designed from these peptide sequences of RLK. RLK predicted by nucleotide sequences of rlk was a 549 amino acid -long type II keratin. Subtractive cloning between the body and the tail skin of bullfrog tadpole yielded a cDNA (rak) of Rana adult keratin (RAK). RAK was a 433 amino acid-long type I keratin. We also cloned a Rana keratin 8 (RK8) cDNA (rk8) from bullfrog tadpole epidermis. RK8 was 502 amino acid-long and homologous to cytokeratin 8. Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridization experiments showed that rlk was actively expressed through prometamorphosis in larva-specific epidermal cells called skein cells and became completely inactive at the climax stage of metamorphosis and in the adult skin. RAK mRNA was expressed in basal cells of the tadpole epidermis and germinative cells in the adult epidermis. The expression of rlk and rak was down- and up-regulated by thyroid hormone (TH), respectively. In contrast, there was no change in the expression of RK8 during spontaneous and TH-induced metamorphosis. RK8 mRNA was exclusively expressed in apical cells of the larval epidermis. These patterns of keratin gene expression indicated that the expression of keratin genes is differently regulated by TH depending on the type of larval epidermal cells. The present study demonstrated the usefulness of these genes for the study of molecular mechanism of postembryonic epidermal development and differentiation. 相似文献
63.
Muir TJ Costanzo JP Lee RE 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2007,177(8):917-926
Physiological responses to dehydration in amphibians are reasonably well documented, although little work has addressed this
problem in hibernating animals. We investigated osmotic and metabolic responses to experimental manipulation of hydration
state in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), a terrestrial hibernator that encounters low environmental water potential during autumn and winter. In winter-conditioned
frogs, plasma osmolality varied inversely with body water content (range 69–79%, fresh mass) primarily due to increases in
sodium and chloride concentrations, as well as accumulation of glucose and urea. Decreased hydration was accompanied by a
marked reduction in the resting rate of oxygen consumption, which was inversely correlated with plasma osmolality and urea
concentration. In a separate experiment, resting rates of oxygen consumption in fully hydrated frogs receiving injections
of saline or saline containing urea did not differ initially; however, upon dehydration, metabolic rates decreased sooner
in the urea-loaded frogs than in control frogs. Our findings suggest an important role for urea, acting in concert with dehydration,
in the metabolic regulation and energy conservation of hibernating R. sylvatica. 相似文献
64.
Abstract: A major challenge facing wildlife biologists is understanding why some species go extinct while others persist in the same habitat. To address this question, we investigated whether tree canopy closure over ponds affects growth and survival of rare and common tadpoles within ponds and mediates competitive interactions among species. We conducted 2 experiments to test whether canopy closure and competition may have contributed to the decline of the endangered dusky gopher frog (Rana sevosa), but allowed the persistence of the southern leopard frog (R. sphenocephala). We explored the response of both species to canopy closure in single-species and mixed- (1:1) species treatments of identical total tadpole density. An experiment using aquatic enclosures in temporary ponds showed that canopy closure reduced tadpole growth approximately 20% for both species. Survival of dusky gopher frog tadpoles was higher in mixed-species enclosures than in single-species enclosures. In a complementary experiment using artificial ponds, dusky gopher frogs had lower survival to metamorphosis, reduced size at metamorphosis, and produced a lower total biomass of metamorphosed juveniles in shaded ponds. Southern leopard frogs exhibited reduced body size at metamorphosis only when shaded. These studies suggest that pond canopy closure, not larval competition, may be contributing to the decline of the dusky gopher frog. The different responses to canopy closure suggest a potential mechanism for the loss of dusky gopher frogs and the persistence of southern leopard frogs. Removal of trees from historically open-canopy ponds may help facilitate the recovery of dusky gopher frogs and benefit similar species. 相似文献
65.
Non-equivalence of growth arrest induced by predation risk or food limitation: context-dependent compensatory growth in anuran tadpoles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1. To gain insight into the evolution of compensatory growth, we studied the growth patterns of anuran (Rana temporaria) larvae following either a period of exogenous growth depression (food restriction) or a period of endogenous depression (exposure to predators). We also investigated the potential deferred costs that larval compensatory growth could impose on post-metamorphic individuals. 2. Food-deprived larvae exhibited full compensatory growth in response to reduced growth rates caused by food limitation, and the growth trajectories of low- and high-rations tadpoles converged before the onset of metamorphosis. 3. According to our predictions, individuals exposed to larval predators did not show growth compensation following predator removal despite undergoing a significant reduction in growth rate associated with low activity levels. 4. Jumping ability of individuals exposed to predators during only 20 days from the commencement of the larval phase was equivalent to that of non-exposed animals, and greater than the jumping capacity of those maintained with predators until the time of metamorphosis. This pattern was consistent with the pattern observed for variation in relative leg length. 5. These results support the suggestion that submaximum and compensatory growth could have evolved to minimize the overall growth/mortality costs in environments with high spatiotemporal variation in predation intensity. 相似文献
66.
作者比较了采自昆明东北郊的滇蛙Rana pleuraden、昭觉林蛙Rana chaochioensis、华西蟾蜍eufo andrewsi和云南小狭口蛙Calluella yunnanensis的蝌蚪。结果表明,4种蝌蚪口部形态、尾形、出水孔和肛管开口位置在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期稳定。滇蛙蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ:1—1/1—1:Ⅱ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部右侧,尾末端尖、短。昭觉林蛙蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ:2—2/1—1:Ⅲ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部右侧,尾末端为尖、短。华西蟾蜍蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅱ/Ⅲ;有一出水孔位于体左侧,肛管开口于下尾鳍基部正中,尾末端钝,几乎呈半圆。云南小狭口蛙蝌蚪无唇齿及唇乳突,口位于吻端,口缘膜状,口部马蹄形,出水孔位于腹部后端中线处;肛管开口于下尾鳍基部正中;尾末端尖,细长。肛管在下尾鳍基部的开口位置可作为蝌蚪分类特征。 相似文献
67.
68.
Rare recombination in otherwise asexually reproducing organisms is known to beneficially influence the fitness in small populations. In most of the investigated organisms, asexual and rare sexual generations with recombination follow each other sequentially. Here we present a case where clonal reproduction and rare recombination occur simultaneously in the same population. The hybridogenetic water frog Rana esculenta (E), a hybrid between R. lessonae (L) and R. ridibunda (R) produces gametes that only contain the unaltered maternal R part of their genome. New generations of R. esculenta usually arise from E x L matings. Intraspecific E x E matings produce mostly inviable offspring, but in rare cases, female R. ridibunda arise from such matings which are capable of recombination. In the absence of conspecific males, these R females have to mate with E males, which results in further R females, or with L males, which produces new E lineages. This indirect mechanism reintroduces recombination into the otherwise clonally transmitted R genomes in R. esculenta populations. In this study, we show through Monte Carlo simulations that, in most cases, it is sufficient that only between 1 % and 10 % of mixed water frog populations consist of R females to prevent or significantly reduce the fixation and accumulation of deleterious mutations. 相似文献
69.
Marracci S Casola C Bucci S Ragghianti M Ogielska M Mancino G 《Development genes and evolution》2007,217(5):395-402
70.
M. P. Holland D. K. Skelly M. Kashgarian S. R. Bolden L. M. Harrison & M. Cappello 《Journal of Zoology》2007,271(4):455-462
The increasing threat of emerging infectious diseases in both wildlife and humans has spurred interest in the causes of disease emergence, including the role of anthropogenic change. A prior field study of infection patterns in amphibians suggests that echinostome infection may be an emerging disease of green frogs Rana clamitans living in urbanized environments. We examined the impact of echinostome infection on green frog tadpoles at a wide range of developmental stages (Gosner stage 25–39). Echinostome infection was associated with green frog mortality rates of up to 40% in an early developmental stage, and none in later developmental stages. Tadpoles exposed to higher echinostome doses exhibited higher edema rates, a potential sign of compromised renal function. Histopathological analysis further supported the hypothesis that echinostome-induced tadpole mortality resulted from compromised renal function. Given that the timing of highest cercarial shedding can coincide with the most vulnerable stages of green frog tadpole development, echinostomes could significantly impact green frog survival in nature. 相似文献