ROC曲线分析在评价入侵物种分布模型中的应用

生态位模型（ecological niche models,ENMs）已广泛应用于物种潜在分布区预测,ENMs的应用也为外来入侵物种的风险分析提供了重要的定量化分析工具,但如何评价不同模型之间的预测效果成了当今研究的热点问题。本文介绍了受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析在评价不同生态位模型预测效果中的应用原理和分析方法,并以一种植物病原线虫-相似穿孔线虫（Radopholus similis）为例,应用ROC曲线分析法对其5种模型（BIOCLIM,CLIMEX,DOMAIN,GARP,MAXENT）的预测结果进行了比较分析。5种模型的ROC曲线下面积AUC（Area Under Curve）值分别为0.810,0.758,0.921,0.903和0.950,以MAXENT模型的AUC值最大,表明其预测效果最好;方差分析结果表明,除GARP与DOMAIN模型之间AUC值差异不显著外,其余各模型之间差异显著。     

中国干腐菌属的研究

中国干腐菌属共有3种,根据中国的材料对每种的担孢子进行测量和统计,并给出了该属种类的检索表,相似干腐菌为中国一新记录种,对该种进行了详细描述和显微绘图。该种的主要特征是担子果有菌盖,担孢子近球形,生长在竹子上。伏果干腐菌在欧洲经常木制房屋腐朽,但该菌在中国所引起的问题没有欧洲严重。     

外源茉莉酸诱导菜豆对西花蓟马和南方小花蝽的行为反应

【目的】为明确茉莉酸诱导的菜豆对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和南方小花蝽Orius similis的行为反应。【方法】采用四臂嗅觉仪测定了西花蓟马和南方小花蝽对不同浓度茉莉酸诱导菜豆后的行为反应,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了不同浓度茉莉酸处理后菜豆挥发物的成分。【结果】不同浓度茉莉酸处理的菜豆植株对西花蓟马和南方小花蝽分别有不同程度的驱避和吸引作用,以1 mmol/L的茉莉酸处理植株对西花蓟马的驱避作用最强,0.1 mmol/L的茉莉酸处理植株对南方小花蝽的吸引作用最强。不同处理菜豆的挥发物在含量和成分上存在显著差异,(Z)-3-己烯丙酸酯、2-异丙基-甲氧基毗嗦只有在茉莉酸处理植株中检测到。结合不同浓度茉莉酸处理植株对西花蓟马和南方小花蝽的行为反应及菜豆挥发物含量的变化趋势,推测(E)-2-己烯醛对西花蓟马有驱避作用,(E)-2-乙酸叶醇酯对南方小花蝽具有引诱作用。【结论】茉莉酸处理菜豆后,植物挥发物种类和含量发生了变化,在增强菜豆植株抗虫性的同时,还可增强捕食性天敌南方小花蝽的搜索和捕食能力。     

Molecular and Biochemical Diversity Among Isolates of Radopholus spp. from Different Areas of the World

Eleven isolates of Radopholus similis from various banana-growing areas around the world and one isolate of R. bridgei from turmeric in Indonesia were compared using DNA and isoenzyme analysis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), comprising the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the 5.8S gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in this rDNA fragment were used to compare the 10 isolates. The analysis of this rDNA region revealed little variation among the isolates tested. However, data also were obtained by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of total DNA, and a hierarchical cluster analysis of these data arranged the R. similis isolates into two clusters. The first cluster consisted of isolates from Nigeria, Cameroon, Queensland, and Costa Rica; the second was comprised of isolates from Guinea, Guadeloupe, the Ivory Coast, Uganda, and Sri Lanka. The isolate of R. bridgei from turmeric in Indonesia appeared to be more divergent. This grouping was consistent with that obtained when phosphate glucose isomerase (PGI) isoenzyme patterns were used to compare the R. similis isolates. The results from both RAPD analysis and PGI isoenzyme studies indicate that two gene pools might exist within the R. similis isolates studied. No correlation could be detected between the genomic diversity as determined by RAPD analysis and either geographic distribution of the isolates or differences in their pathogenicity. The results support the hypothesis that R. similis isolates have been spread with banana-planting material.     

Influence of Lectins on Constricting Ring Formation by Arthrobotrys dactyloides

Incubation of Arthrobotrys dactyloides conidia in the presence of Radopholus citrophilus in lectin solutions with their corresponding sugars did not alter the stimulation of trap formation in solutions containing lectins alone. The lack of inhibition of lectin-stimulated trap formation by sugars or by lectin denaturation and the lack of lectin specificity indicate that the carbohydrate-binding regions of the particular lectins studied are not the stimulatory moieties of these macromolecules.     

Genetic analysis of diapause capability and association between larval and pupal photoperiodic responses in the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis

Abstract A variant of the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis, which does not enter pupal diapause even under diapause‐inducing conditions, is established by artificial selection. Interline crosses of the wild‐type and the variant revealed that the diapause capability is inherited in an incomplete dominant manner. Neither sex linkage nor a maternal factor is involved in the mode of inheritance. Genetic and genetic–environmental interactions are involved in the induction of diapause. In the wild‐type, the post‐feeding larval period is prolonged in response to short days. However, in the variant, the duration of the larval period under short‐day conditions is identical to that under long‐day conditions. Long‐day responses under short‐day conditions at both the larval and pupal stages in the variant indicate that the responses are established by common factors in both stages. The factors causing the long‐day responses under short‐day conditions at different developmental stages in the variant remain to be identified. However, it is plausible to hypothesize that common factors regulate ecdysteroid release at both the larval and pupal stages, and that malfunction of the system regulating these factors triggers such ecdysteroid release, irrespective of the photoperiod. Hence, the photoperiodic responses disappear in the variant in both stages. The adult stage of the variant has a functional circadian clock, suggesting that the nondiapause phenotype is not necessarily involved in malfunction of the circadian clock.     

Pre-plant bacterisation: a strategy for delivery of beneficial endophytic bacteria and production of disease-free plantlets of black pepper (Pipernigrum L.)

Naturally occurring endophytic bacteria from black pepper vines were found to exhibit strong antagonistic activities against Phytophthora capsici and Radopholus similis. In order to deliver these bacterial strains, as well as to produce disease-free plantlets of black pepper, a pre-plant stem and root bacterisation was standardised. Stem bacterisation with endophytic Pseudomonas spp. was found to suppress P. capsici infection (over 90% reduction in lesion length) on cut shoots. Pre-plant root bacterisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus megaterium yielded over 60% of plantlets free from P. capsici infection on roots. Curtobacterium luteum and B. megaterium recorded over 70% reduction of nematode population in soil with concomitant production of over 65% of nematode-free plantlets. Besides protecting the plants from the pathogens, the bacteria were also found to enhance the growth of rooted cuttings. The biocontrol potential of the above endophytic bacteria and their exploitation for disease management in the black pepper nursery are discussed.     

Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Survival of Radopholus similis at High Temperatures

Heat treatments are an environmentally safe method for eliminating quarantine pests from tropical foliage. Conditioning heat treatments can induce thermotolerance against subsequent and otherwise phytotoxic temperatures in tropical foliage, allowing heat treatments to be even more effective. However, if thermotolerance is also induced in nematodes of quarantine significance like Radopholus similis, heat treatments would be rendered ineffective. A lethal thermal death point (LT_99.9) was established for R. similis by recording mortality at 25 (control temperature), 43°C, 45°C, 47°C, or 49°C after a 0, 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, or 15-minute exposure. In a second experiment, nematodes were conditioned at 35, 40, or 45°C for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes, allowed to rest for 3 hours, and then challenged at 47°C for 5 minutes. No nematodes survived the challenge heat treatment; rather, nematode mortality was hastened by the conditioning treatment itself. In a third experiment, R. similis inside anthurium roots were conditioned at 25°C or 40°C for 15 minutes and then treated at 45°C for up to 8 minutes. Mortality of conditioned and unconditioned nematodes was similar (P > 0.1). Conditioning treatments increase plant thermotolerance but do not induce thermotolerance in R. similis. Heat treatments have promise as disinfection protocols for quarantines.     

AMF-induced biocontrol against plant parasitic nematodes in Musa sp.: a systemic effect

Although mycorrhizal colonization provides a bioprotectional effect against a broad range of soil-borne pathogens, including plant parasitic nematodes, the commercial use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biocontrol agents is still in its infancy. One of the main reasons is the poor understanding of the modes of action. Most AMF mode of action studies focused on AMF-bacterial/fungal pathogens. Only few studies so far examined AMF-plant parasitic nematode interactions. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether the AMF Glomus intraradices was able to incite systemic resistance in banana plants towards Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae, two plant parasitic nematodes using a split-root compartmental set-up. The AMF reduced both nematode species by more than 50%, even when the AMF and the plant parasitic nematodes were spatially separated. The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that AMF have the ability to induce systemic resistance against plant parasitic nematodes in a root system.     

Efficacy of hot water drenches of Anthurium andraeanum plants against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis and plant thermotolerance

Hot‐water drench treatments were evaluated for disinfesting roots of potted anthurium Anthurium andraeanum of the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis. A continuous drench of roots and media in pots with 50°C water for 5 to 20 min eliminated or reduced nematode populations to < 1 g^?1 of dry root. A second hot water drench, 2 months after the first drenching, tended to increase the efficacy of the heat treatment. A few survivors persisted in the roots and/or stems of a few plants 2 to 4 months after heat treatment. Non‐treatment of the shoots and possible migration from stem to root tissues are probable causes of nematode survival. Drenching potting media and roots in pot were as effective against R. similis in the roots as hot water dipping bare‐rooted plants. Plant response to hot‐water drenching varied among cultivars, but most exhibited tolerance to the heat treatments. Visual inspection of the plants showed little difference between treated and untreated plants in the heat tolerant cultivars. However, all heat‐treated ‘Marian Seefurth’ plants, especially hot water‐dipped bare‐rooted plants, appeared to suffer some degree of growth reduction as measured by lower root and stem dry weights when compared to untreated plants 3 months after treatment. Conditioning anthurium plants with hot water or hot air prior to hot water drenching did not benefit plant quality when compared to unconditioned, heat‐treated plants.