糖适平对2 型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病4 期患者血糖、肌酐清除率及尿蛋白水平的影响

目的:探讨糖适平对2型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病4期患者血糖、肌酐清除率及尿蛋白水平的影响。方法:选择我院收治的2型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病4期患者100例,按照用药情况分为糖适平实验组和胰岛素对照组,每组50例。对照组患者给予预混人胰岛素及阿卡波糖片,实验组患者给予糖适平及阿卡波糖片。比较治疗前后两组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、肌酐清除率(CCr)、血清肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)及24小时尿蛋白定量(24 h Upro)水平的变化情况。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后空腹血糖、血清肌酐、血尿素氮及24小时尿蛋白定量、肌酐清除率均明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但实验组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:糖适平对2型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病4期患者无药物积蓄问题,用于治疗2型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病4期安全有效。     

A laboratory study of feeding and assimilation in Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana

Feeding of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a brachionid rotifer isolated from the Loosdrecht Lakes (The Netherlands), was examined in the laboratory using ¹⁴C-labelled food. The gut-filling time at a food concentration of 9.6 µg C ml^–1 was about 15 minutes. Animals which were fed on 3 size fractions of the lake seston (< 7 µm, 7–15 µm, and 15–33 µm) showed a clear preference (Jacobs' selectivity index) for the largest size fraction. This fraction was composed predominantly of filamentous cyanobacteria. For animals weighing 0.37–0.49 µm C ind.^–1 the daily ration (daily food consumption per unit body weight × 100) ranged from 50 to 100% at food levels of 2 mg C l^–1 and below, but increased to 150–250% at food concentrations of 5 mg C l^–1 and above. The assimilation efficiency was 100% up to 5 mg C l^–1 of food, but decreased to about 80% at higher food levels.     

Phagocytosis and nodule formation by hemocytes of Manduca sexta larvae following injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The time course of clearance of an injected dose of 10⁶ CFU ml^?1 hemolymph of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 in larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has been examined in detail. The clearance process has been subdivided into three stages during which the rates of reduction in concentration of circulating viable bacteria were clearly different. Contributions of hemocyte reactions to bacterial clearance were examined during stages I and II. During stage I (0–2 hr postinoculation (PI), nodule formation produced a dramatic reduction in circulating bacteria by entrapping over 90% of the injected dose in the first 30 min. Phagocytosis of bacteria by circulating hemocytes and subsequent intracellular digestion contributed significantly to reductions in circulating bacteria during stage II (2–8 hr PI). Viable cells of the virulent P. aeruginosa P11-1 were trapped in nodules as efficiently as the less virulent 9027 during the first 30 min after injection into M. sexta. Bacteria of strain P11-1 were also phagocytosed by hemocytes during stage II, however, phagocytosed bacteria were observed less frequently in P11-1-treated insects and intracellular digestion of these bacteria was only rarely observed. The increased virulence of P11-1 in larvae of M. sexta may be due to less efficient phagocytosis by circulating hemocytes and to insensitivity of this strain to killing reactions in nodules and following phagocytosis.     

In situ clearance rates of planktonic rotifers

The in situ clearance rates of several rotifer species from a small, temperate eutrophic lake were measured using three radioactive tracer cell-types, a bacterium (Aerobacter), a yeast (Rhodoto-rula), and alga (Chlamydomonas). Rates were below 10 µl/anim/h but varied significantly among species. Keratella cochlearis, Kellicottia bostoniensis, and Conochilus dossuarius ingested all three tracer cells but rates varied substantially with tracer cell-type. Polyarthra dolichoptera and P. euryptera ingested only the algal cells. Co-occurring forms of K. cochlearis and species of Polyarthra differed markedly in size and in tracer cell utilization, indicating niche diversification in food resources.     

The spring-time abundance and feeding ofEurytemora affinis (Poppe) in Volkerak-Zoommeer,a newly-created freshwater lake system in the Rhine delta (The Netherlands)

Eurytemora affinis, a calanoid copepod, has been encountered in Volkerak-Zoommeer (Rhine delta region, S.W. Netherlands) both before this lake system was isolated in 1987 from the estuarine influence, and after. It was the main particle-feeding crustacean at all the 3 sampling stations in March–April 1990 when it reached densities of up to 215 ind.l^–1. Its decline from mid April onwards, and low densities through summer, coincided with increase in cladocerans, especiallyDaphnia spp. (D. pulex andD. galeata), a decrease in seston (<33m) and chlorophyll concentrations and in primary production rates. The clearance rates (CR) ofEurytemora measured in the spring period varied enormously (0.6–24 ml.ind^–1.d^–1) depending mainly on size (0.44–1.06 mm), food concentration (0.8–2.2 mg C.l^–1), and the water temperature which varied only narrowly (8.0–9.0°C). Mean ingestion rates of the animals measuring 0.68±0.02 mm during the study was 6.7±3.2 gC.ind^–1.d^–1; and assimilation efficiency varied between 27 and 53% (mean: 41±9%). The weight specific CR (SCR) varied between 0.96 and 6.4 litre.mg^–1 body C.d^–1. Pooled regression of SCR on the animal's body weight at the 3 study stations revealed a significant inverse relationship. Also daily ration and specific assimilation ofE. affinis varied greatly and inversely with the body weight. This calanoid contributed from about 50 to 100% to the zooplankton community grazing rates and assimilation rates, the former often exceeding the phytoplankton primary production.     

Biological half-time in rats exposed to nickel monosulfide (amorphous) aerosol by inhalation

This study reports the biological half-time of amorphous nickel monosulfide(NiS(A)) aerosol retained in rat lungs. Wistar male rats were exposed to NiS(A) aerosols (mass median aerodynamic diameter: 4.0 μm) for a single 4 h exposure, or for 7 h/d, 5 d/wk for 1 mo. The average exposure concentrations were controlled at 107 mg/m³ for the single exposure and at 8.8 mg/m³ for the repeated exposures by a dust generator consisting of a continuous fluidized bed with an overflow pipe and a screw feeder. After the exposures, the nickel contents in the rat organs, blood, and urine were measured and histopathological examinations were performed. The biological half time of NiS(A) in rat lungs was 20 h, which was extremely shorter than 21 mo of green nickel oxide (NiO(G)). There were no malignant tumors in any of the exposure groups.     

Effect of age on phagocytosis of carbon in the rat

The half-life of intravenously injected colloidal carbon increases with age of the rat if the dose of carbon is in proportion to body weight. An equation was found for the change in half-life as a function of body weight. By the use of the equation of Gompertz we have derived a curve relating half-life of colloidal carbon to age of the rat. A large part of the variation of phagocytic activity with age can be removed by allowing for the change in relative spleen weight that occurs with age, or by the use of a constant dose of carbon instead of a dose proportionate to body weight.     

Plasmodium berghei: Phagocytic activity in two strains of rats

The Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains of rats differ in their ability to maintain phagocytic hyperactivity toward colloidal carbon during infection with Plasmodium berghei. Both strains were highly stimulated by the 4th day, but on the 7th and 8th days of infection one-third of the Sprague-Dawley rats were not hyperactive while all the Wistar rats remained hyperactive. The course of infection subsequent to the carbon test was similar in hyperactive and in nonhyperactive rats.     

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.     

Syntheses and evaluation of a homologous series of aza-vesamicol as improved radioiodine-labeled probes for sigma-1 receptor imaging

Sigma-1 receptor imaging probes for determining the expression levels are desirable for diagnoses of various diseases and companion diagnoses of therapeutic agents targeting the sigma-1 receptor. In this study, we aimed to develop probes with higher affinity for the sigma-1 receptor. For this purpose, we synthesized and evaluated compounds, namely, vesamicol derivatives, in which alkyl chains of varying chain length were introduced between a piperazine ring and a benzene ring. The binding affinity of the vesamicol derivatives for the sigma-1 receptor tended to increase depending on the length of the alkyl chain between the benzene ring and the piperazine ring. The sigma-1 receptor of 2-(4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol (5) (K_i?=?5.8?nM) exhibited the highest binding affinity; therefore, we introduced radioiodine into the benzene ring in 5. The radioiodine labeled probe [¹²⁵I]2-(4-(3-(4-iodophenyl)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol ([¹²⁵I]10) showed high accumulation in the sigma-1 receptor expressing DU-145 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Co-injection of [¹²⁵I]10 with an excess level of a sigma receptor ligand, haloperidol, resulted in a significant decrease in the tumor accumulation in vitro and in vivo, indicating sigma receptor-mediated tumor uptake. These results provide useful information for developing sigma-1 receptor imaging probes.