Simple and rapid detection of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis under field conditions by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification

Aim: The objective of this study is to develop a serovar‐specific loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive detection of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis under field conditions. Methods: A set of six specific primers was designed with Salmonella Enteritidis DNA as the target. LAMP conditions were optimized by incubating the target DNA with the Bst DNA polymerase large fragment in a simple water bath. The sensitivity and specificity of LAMP was then compared with those of fluorescent quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (FQ‐PCR). Results: The results were as follows. (1) Serovar‐specific Salmonella Enteritidis DNA was amplified at 65°C in as early as 20 min in a water bath. (2) A colour change visible to the naked eye indicated a positive amplification reaction. (3) The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 4 copies μl^?1; thus, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay is similar to those of the FQ‐PCR. Conclusions: LAMP is a high‐throughput detection technique with high sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity; these factors make it suitable for specifically detecting Salmonella Enteritidis under field conditions and in laboratory settings. Thus, LAMP eliminates the need for complicated equipment and technical training in the detection of this specific serovar. Significance and impact of the study: This is the first study involving the use of LAMP to detect Salmonella serovar‐specific DNA sequences. It is also the first to report an ideal method of distinguishing between Salmonella Enteritidis and other Salmonella under field conditions.     

Uptake of 15N-labelled alanine,ammonium and nitrate in Pinus sylvestris L. ectomycorrhiza growing in forest soil treated with nitrogen,sulphur or lime

The uptake of ¹⁵N-labelled alanine, ammonium and nitrate was studied in ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of intact Pinus sylvestris seedlings. PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS-region of fungal rDNA was used to identify the morphotypes. Seedlings were grown in forest soil collected at an experimental site in southern Sweden. The treatments compared were a control, N fertilisation (600 kg N ha^-1 as urea), sulfur application (1200 kg S ha^-1) and lime application (6000 kg CaCO₃ ha^-1). The forest, which had been dominated by Picea abies, was clear-cut two years before the forest soil was sampled. Soil was also collected from an adjacent standing forest. The aim of the present study was to detect changes in the ectomycorrhizal communities in forest soils and relate these changes to the functional parameter of uptake of nitrogen from organic (alanine and protein) and inorganic (ammonium and nitrate) sources.Liming resulted in the detection of a morphotype not found in other samples, and one morphotype was only found in samples from the standing forest (the fungi in these two morphotypes could not be identified). All mycorrhizal root tips showed a higher ¹⁵N concentration after exposure to different nitrogen forms than non-mycorrhizal long roots. Uptake of¹⁵ N from a labelled solution of alanine or ammonium was higher (about tenfold) than uptake from a ¹⁵N-labelled solution of nitrate. Uptake of ammonium and alanine varied between 0.2 and 0.5 mg N g^-1 h^-1 and between 0.1 and 0.33 mg N g^-1 h^-1, respectively, among the different morphotypes.In seedlings grown in the control soil and in soil from standing forest, alanine and ammonium were taken up to a similar degree from a supply solution by all morphotypes, whereas ammonium uptake was higher than alanine uptake in seedlings grown in lime-treated soil (about twofold) and, to a lesser extent, in the nitrogen- and sulfur-treated soils. The higher ammonium uptake by morphotypes from the limed soil was confirmed in pure culture studies. In cases where ammonium was used as the N source, an isolate of the S. variegatus morphotype collected in the limed soil produced more biomass compared with isolates of S. variegatus collected in nitrogen- or sulphur-treated soil. One isolate of a silvery white morphotype produced about equal amounts of biomass on alanine and ammonium, whereas all S. variegatus isolated performed better with ammonium as their N source. Based on the results it is hypothesised that liming can induce a shift in the ectomycorrhizal community, favouring individuals that mainly utilise inorganic nitrogen over those that primarily utilise organic nitrogen.     

Plasma appearance and tissue accumulation of non-esterified, free astaxanthin in C57BL/6 mice after oral dosing of a disodium disuccinate diester of astaxanthin (Heptax)

Oral bioavailability of natural and synthetic carotenoids is generally poor in rodents, and this has limited the ability to test these antioxidant compounds in well-defined rodent models of human disease. Various strategies have been employed, with variable success, to increase the percentage of the total oral dose absorbed by the rodent GI tract. In the current study, a novel carotenoid derivative (the disodium disuccinate diester of astaxanthin; Heptax) was administered by oral gavage in a lipophilic emulsion to C57BL/6 mice. Plasma appearance and tissue accumulation of non-esterified, free astaxanthin was studied by HPLC over 72 h after single- and multiple-dose regimens. One-time dosing of Heptax in emulsion at 500 mg/kg resulted in significant appearance of free astaxanthin in plasma (Cmax=0.2 mg/l; 381 nM) and accumulation in solid organs (e.g. liver Cmax=0.9 mg/l; 1735 nM), levels not previously reported after single carotenoid doses in rodents. At each point in the concentration/time curve (AUC), free astaxanthin levels in liver were greater than the corresponding concentration in plasma, suggesting concentrative uptake by the liver. As the ED50 as an antioxidant for non-esterified, free astaxanthin in model systems is approximately 200 nM, the current results suggest that hepatoprotection against oxidative insults may be achieved after a single dose of Heptax in these animals. In humans, where the bioavailability of oral carotenoids ranges from 40 to 60% of the total dose when given in lipophilic vehicle, much smaller oral doses may be utilized for therapeutic benefit in a particular clinical application.     

聚合酶链反应技术检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒

目的建立聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(REV)的方法。方法提取感染REV-T和脾坏死病毒(SNV)的SPF鸡胚成纤维细胞DNA为模板,利用前病毒长末端重复序列(LTR)区引物进行扩增。采集肿瘤病鸡,以及人工感染REV 28 d后鸡肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、胸腺、法氏囊等器官,进行扩增。同时将采集的脏器组织,进行HE染色和免疫组化试验(IHC)。结果REV-T感染的组织未检测出电泳条带,而SNV感染的细胞中检测到了一条300bp特异而清晰的电泳条带,而且SNV感染的鸡组织中,PCR方法检测到了特异的条带。通过HE染色和免疫组化技术观察到了肿瘤组织,肿瘤细胞的形态、分布。结论PCR检测REV更快捷,特异更好。     

急性心肌梗死患者肠道优势菌群分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者肠道优势菌群的改变及其与疾病严重程度的关系。方法共筛选急性心肌梗死患者71名及正常健康体检者33名,急性心肌梗死患者根据是否心衰分为急性心肌梗死组36名和急性心肌梗死伴泵衰竭组35名,所有入选者收集大便及血清标本,分别采用qPCR及化学发光仪测定肠道优势菌群改变和血清脑钠肽前体及肌钙蛋白水平。结果急性心肌梗死患者肠道优势菌群显著改变,肠道肠杆菌以及肠球菌细菌数量较对照组显著增加,均与脑钠肽前体、肌钙蛋白、Killip分级显著正相关,而双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等细菌数量显著降低,与脑钠肽前体、肌钙蛋白、Killip分级显著负相关。结论急性心肌梗死患者呈现典型的肠道菌群紊乱,且与患者疾病严重程度相关。     

灰飞虱Bursicon基因的克隆、序列分析及在不同发育阶段的表达

Bursicon是通过G蛋白受体调节昆虫表皮硬化及展翅的功能蛋白, 它在昆虫蜕皮后的表皮硬化过程中起着关键作用。为探讨灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus的 bursicon的功能, 利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得1 126 bp的bursicon α和761 bp的bursicon β全长序列, 将其分别命名为Lsburs-α和Lsburs-β。生物信息学分析表明： Lsburs-α开放阅读框长483 bp, 编码160个氨基酸, 该蛋白具有2个N-豆蔻酰化位点、 3个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点以及2个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点。Lsburs-β开放阅读框长417 bp, 编码138个氨基酸, 该蛋白具有2个N-豆蔻酰化位点、 3个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点以及1个酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点。qRT-PCR结果表明： Lsburs-α和Lsburs-β在灰飞虱各龄期均有转录表达, 并在若虫期随龄期增加呈上升趋势, 在羽化期达到峰值, 成虫期表达量逐渐降低。结果提示bursicon与灰飞虱蜕皮后的外表皮硬化关系密切。本文结果为深入研究bursicon的功能、受体调节和信号通路等奠定了基础。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂嗅觉受体基因 CchlOrco 的克隆及组织表达谱分析

【目的】昆虫的嗅觉受体（olfactory receptors, ORs）一般以气味分子特异的ORs与共受体（ co-Receptor, Orco）通过形成异质二聚体在嗅觉感受中发挥关键作用,其中Orco由于具有序列的保守性而受到广泛的重视。本研究旨在克隆棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 Campoletis chlorideae 的Orco基因,并对其组织表达谱进行分析。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术和转录组分析技术克隆棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的Orco基因,并对其编码的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析;利用Real-time PCR技术对该基因在该蜂成虫不同组织中的表达量进行分析。【结果】获得了棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 Orco 的全长cDNA序列,命名为 CchlOrco（GenBank登录号：KP255444）。序列分析表明, 该基因开放阅读框全长1 437 bp,编码478个氨基酸,预测该氨基酸序列具有7个跨膜区。CchlOrco 主要在成虫触角中表达,且在雄蜂触角中的表达量最高,是雌蜂触角中表达量的8.0倍,而在其他组织中表达量极低。【结论】本研究克隆了棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 CchlOrco 序列全长,明确了其在成虫不同组织中的表达水平,为进一步研究该基因及其他嗅觉受体基因功能奠定了基础。     

用PCR法直接快速筛查重组阳性克隆

应用ＰＣＲ法快速筛查插入有苯丙氨酸脱氨酶ｃＤＮＡ重组阳性克隆。方法：用于ＰＣＲ扩增的引物是位于载体ｐＥＴ２３ｂ启动子处的Ｔ７启动子引物和位于目的基因ＰＡＬｃＤＮＡ３’端终止密码ＴＡＡ处的引物。以灭菌吸头挑一单菌落加入ＰＣＲ体系扩增。结果：在筛查的３个克隆中,有２个阳性克降,并且插入方向正确,经ＤＮＡ序列测定得到进一步证实。结论：以ＰＣＲ方法筛查重组阳性克隆,可以简便快速鉴定插入片段的大小和方面,不