Nepsilon-(Carboxymethyl)lysine induces gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in RAW264.7 cells

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the development of angiopathy in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Here, we show that adducts of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a major AGE, and bovine serum albumin (CML-BSA) stimulated gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), which is a key enzyme of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells. CML-BSA stimulated the expression of gamma-GCS heavy subunit (h) time- and dose-dependently and concomitantly increased GSH levels. CML-BSA also stimulated DNA-binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) within 3h, but the stimulatory effect decreased in 5h, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) with a peak activity at 1h and the stimulatory effect diminished in 3h. Studies of luciferase activity of the gamma-GCSh promoter showed that deletion and mutagenesis of the AP-1-site abolished CML-BSA-induced up-regulation, while that of NF-kappaB-site did not affect CML-BSA-induced activity. CML-BSA also stimulated the activity of protein kinase C, Ras/Raf-1, and MEK/ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 abolished CML-BSA-stimulated AP-1 DNA-binding activity and gamma-GCSh mRNA expression. Our results suggest that induction of gamma-GCS by CML adducts seems to increase the defense potential of cells against oxidative stress produced during glycation processes.     

布鲁氏菌入侵相关基因IalB缺失株的构建及生物学特性分析

入侵相关基因(invasion-associated locus B, ialB)的同源基因在布鲁氏菌所属的根瘤菌目中是广泛保守的,但其在布鲁氏菌中的功能研究几乎为空白。根据有限的报道资料,猜测ialB的功能可能与布鲁氏菌入侵细胞以及适应胞内环境胁迫有关。【目的】探究ialB在布鲁氏菌中的生物学功能,揭示其在布鲁氏菌黏附和入侵细胞以及胞内存活中的作用。【方法】以猪种布鲁氏菌S2株为亲本,运用同源重组的方法构建布鲁氏菌ialB缺失株ΔialB,并通过表达质粒转化的方法构建其回补株CΔialB,比较3种菌株的生长特性、对体外应激的敏感性;通过扫描电镜观察ialB缺失对布鲁氏菌形态的影响,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测3种菌株极性延长相关基因的表达;通过免疫荧光和平板计数的方法分析ialB缺失对布鲁氏菌黏附、入侵RAW264.7细胞以及胞内存活的影响。【结果】成功构建了菌株ΔialB和CΔialB;ΔialB与布鲁氏菌S2株相比,生长受限,活力降低,在酸应激、高渗应激、低渗应激、多黏菌素B应激条件下存活率降低,在氧化应激条件下存活率上升;而且,ΔialB的菌体形态发生改变,菌体变短,直径增加,极...     

Six New Constituents from the Fruit of Hypericum patulum and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Four new xanthone glucosides, 3-hydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 1 ), 4,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 2 ), 2-methoxyxanthone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 3 ), 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 4 ), a new phenolic acid, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-imino-di-benzoic acid monomethyl ester ( 5 ), and a new isoquinoline, methyl 6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carboxylate ( 6 ) were isolated from the fruit of Hypericum patulum. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was primarily based on HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 2 , 3 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against NO production.     

Phytochemical Profiling and Compound Isolation of Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. Leaves Aqueous Methanolic Extract with the Evaluation of Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect Using Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells

The inflammatory disorders represent a serious health issue. Certain Cissus species possess anti-inflammatory effect. Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. leaves’ anti-inflammatory activities and phytoconstituents are poorly characterized. In this study, 38 constituents were tentatively characterized in Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. leaves’ aqueous methanolic extract (CRLE) using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR). Myricetin, β-amyrin, and alliospiroside A, were isolated from CRLE using column chromatography. The anti-inflammatory effect of CRLE and its isolated compounds were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) was used to assess how CRLE and its isolated compounds affected cell viability. Further, its effects on the production of intracellular NO, and inflammatory cytokines cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed by the Griess test, and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. CRLE and its isolated compounds, myricetin, β-amyrin, and alliospiroside A decreased the NO production. Western blotting was performed to assess the protein expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Alliospiroside A downregulated IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 and inhibited the expression of iNOS. CRLE and its compounds represent effective alternative candidate to treat inflammatory diseases.     

Antioxidant Effects of Rhodoxanthin from Potamogeton crispus L. on H2O2-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages Cells

Potamogeton crispus L. (P. crispus) is the type of a widely distributed perennial herbs, which is rich in rhodoxanthin. In this research work, five antioxidant indexes in vitro were selected to study the antioxidant activity of rhodoxanthin from P. crispus (RPC). A model of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) -induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells was established to analyze the antioxidant effect and potential mechanism of RPC. The levels of ROS, MDA and the activities of oxidation related enzymes by H₂O₂ were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2 was measured by qRT-PCR assay. According to the results, RPC had free radical scavenging ability for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-trinitrohydrazine (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical ion) (ABTS), hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. RPC significantly decreased the level of MDA and ROS and LDH activity, while increased GSH level and activities of SOD, GSH−Px and CAT. It was showed that RPC could increase the mRNA expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2 in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependently manner. In summary, RPC treatment could effectively attenuate the H₂O₂-induced cell damage rate, and the mechanism is related to the reduction of H₂O₂ induced oxidative stress and the activation of Nrf-2 pathway.     

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of homoisoflavonoids as potent inhibitors of nitric oxide production in RAW-264.7 cells

Syntheses of natural homoisoflavonoids, (±)-portulacanones A–C (4, 8 and 9), portulacanone D (6), isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. (POL) and their derivatives (3, 5 and 7) have been achieved for the first time along with the synthesis of known derivatives (1 and 2) and their in vitro inhibitory effect against NO production in LPS-induced RAW-264.7 macrophages was evaluated as an indicator of anti-inflammatory activity. All the compounds tested had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on NO production by RAW-264.7 macrophages without obvious cytotoxicity. Compounds 3 (97.2% at 10?μM; IC₅₀?=?1.26?µM) followed by 6 (portulacanone D) (92.5% at 10?μM; IC₅₀?=?2.09?µM), 1 (91.4% at 10?μM; IC₅₀?=?1.75?µM) and 7 (83.0% at 10?μM; IC₅₀?=?2.91?µM) were the most potent from the series. This finding was further correlated with the suppressed expression of iNOS induced by LPS. Our promising preliminary results may provide the basis for the assessment of compound 3 as a lead structure for a NO production-targeted anti-inflammatory drug development and also could support the usefulness of POL as a folklore medicinal plant in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Bioactive compounds from liverworts: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible NOS mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells by Herbertenoids and Cuparenoids

The inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by herbertenoids and cuparenoids isolated from liverworts in RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated. Among compounds tested, herbertenediol, cuparenediol, 1,2-diacetoxyherbertene and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycuparene exhibited significant activity. For 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycuparene, chosen as representative compound, the strong inhibitory activity was related to the inhibition on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA. The structure-activity relationship will be discussed.     

Fucoidan对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用

目的观察褐藻多糖硫酸酯(Fucoidan)对巨噬细胞RAW264.7体外吞噬活性、细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6分泌,以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达的影响。方法实验分对照组,Fucoidan高、中、低剂量组(浓度分别是200、400和800μg/mL)。药物处理6~48h后,MTT法检测RAW264.7细胞活力;中性红比色法检测细胞吞噬活性;ELISA法检测培养上清中TNF-α和IL-6的分泌水平;实时定量PCR检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达量。结果与对照组相比,Fucoidan显著增强RAW264.7细胞代谢活力和吞噬能力(P0.01),增加TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,上调TLR4的表达,呈剂量依赖关系。结论 Fucoidan可上调TLR4表达,增强巨噬细胞代谢和吞噬活性,增加TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,具有潜在的调节免疫作用。     

Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by static magnetic fields

Static magnetic field (SMF) modulates bone metabolism, but little research is concerned with the effects of SMF on osteoclast. Our previous studies show that osteogenic differentiation is strongly correlated with magnetic strength from hypo (500 nT), weak (geomagnetic field, GMF), moderate (0.2 T) to high (16 T) SMFs. We speculated that the intensity that had positive (16 T) or negative (500 nT and 0.2 T) effects on osteoblast differentiation would inversely influence osteoclast differentiation. To answer this question, we examined the profound effects of SMFs on osteoclast differentiation from pre-osteoclast Raw264.7 cells. Here, we demonstrated that 500 nT and 0.2 T SMFs promoted osteoclast differentiation, formation and resorption, while 16 T had an inhibitory effect. Almost all the osteoclastogenic genes were highly expressed under 500 nT and 0.2 T, including RANK, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), V-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II (Car2) and cathepsin K (CTSK), whereas they were decreased under 16 T. In addition, 16 T disrupted actin formation with remarkably decreased integrin β3 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that osteoclast differentiation could be regulated by altering the intensity of SMF, which is just contrary to that on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, studies of SMF effects could reveal some parameters that could be used as a physical therapy for various bone disorders.     

艾纳香油中抗炎成分的筛选及其对炎性因子的影响

为了寻找艾纳香油中的抗炎物质,并研究其对巨噬细胞炎性因子的影响,本文采用动物炎症模型筛选艾纳香油中具有抗炎活性的部分化合物,再检测目标化合物对LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞中相关炎性因子的影响.发现艾纳香油中(-)-芳樟醇、反式-石竹烯抗炎活性最佳,且不同剂量的(-)-芳樟醇、反式-石竹烯均能抑制LTB4、PGE2、N...