菊芋HtCCR1基因的克隆与表达分析

肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是木质素合成代谢的关键酶。该研究以菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)‘廊芋8号’为材料,克隆到1个菊芋的CCR基因,命名为HtCCR1(GenBank登录号为MN205540),其开放阅读框(ORF)长975bp,编码324个氨基酸,其中含有FR_SDR_e保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,HtCCR1与向日葵CCR蛋白(XP_021989763.1)共聚于一支,二者亲缘关系最近。实时定量PCR分析表明,HtCCR1基因在菊芋茎和叶中的表达量显著高于在根和块茎中;盐(150mmol·L-1 NaCl)胁迫处理6、12和24h后,处理组HtCCR1基因的表达量均显著高于对照组;干旱(20%PEG6000)胁迫6和12h后,处理组HtCCR1基因的表达较对照组均显著上调。成功构建pET-28a-HtCCR1原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)并诱导出了符合预期大小的蛋白,表明HtCCR1重组蛋白已成功表达。该研究结果为进一步研究HtCCR1基因的功能及利用基因工程手段调节菊芋中木质素的生物合成奠定了基础。     

中国三种实验用小型猪线粒体DNAD-loop多态性分析

分析中国三种实验用小型猪线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop的多态性,建立各品种品系猪的遗传标记,为各品种、品系猪的鉴别提供依据。应用PCR技术分别对西双版纳近交系小耳猪、广西巴马小型猪、贵州小型香猪和长白猪的血液总DNA样品中mtDNAD-loop进行扩增,用23种限制性内切酶消化,观察其酶切多态。PCR扩增其mtDNAD-loop5′端227bp高变区域,应用PCR?SSCP和PCR直接测序分析,观察其单链构象多态和序列多态。结果显示：三种小型猪之间未见酶切长度多态、单链构象多态和序列多态。与长白猪之间表现出单链构象多态和序列多态。本研究认为：三种实验用小型猪之间mtDNA多态性贫乏,证明其亲源关系很近,在母系起源和进化上有一致性,应用PCR RFLP、PCR SSCP和PCR直接测序分析,尚不能作为三种实验用小型猪品种、品系鉴定的依据,但与长白猪等欧系猪比较有一定差异。 Abstract：the present study is to analyze the polymorphism of the mtDNA D-loop in three breeds of laboratory miniature pigs in China , and to establish its cytoplasmic DNA markers to distinguish among them . The polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop and its 5′-end high variable regions were detected by PCR-RFLP , PCR-SSCP and PCR-direct sequencing on Xishuangbanna Small-ear inbred pig, Guizhou miniature Xiang pig , Guangxi Bama miniature pig and Landrace.There was no polymorphism obtained among or within three breeds of Chinese laboratory miniature pigs besides Landrace. It is concluded that the polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop within the three breeds of Chinese laboratory miniature pigs is poor , These methods cannot be used to distinguish among them , but it can be used to distinguish them from Landrace.     

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in milkfish, Chanos chanos

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the maintenance of the homeoviscous fluidity of biological membranes. The stearoyl-CoA desaturase cDNA in milkfish (Chanos chanos) was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE, and it was compared with the stearoyl-CoA desaturase in cold-tolerant teleosts, common carp and grass carp. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA clone has a 972-bp open reading frame encoding 323 amino acid residues. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that the milkfish stearoyl-CoA desaturase shares 79% and 75% identity with common carp and grass carp, and 63%–64% with other vertebrates such as sheep, hamsters, rats, mice, and humans. Like common carp and grass carp, the deduced amino acid sequence in milkfish well conserves three histidine cluster motifs (one HXXXXH and two HXXHH) that are essential for catalysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity. However, RT-PCR analysis showed that stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in milkfish is detected in the tissues of liver, muscle, kidney, brain, and gill, and more expression sites were found in milkfish than in common carp and grass carp. Phylogenic relationships among the deduced stearoyl-CoA desaturase amino acid sequence in milkfish and those in other vertebrates showed that the milkfish stearoyl-CoA desaturase amino acid sequence is phylogenetically closer to those of common carp and grass carp than to other higher vertebrates.     

基于PIPE现象的质粒克隆位点序列设计与功能评价

分子克隆是现代生物学研究的核心技术之一,是基因工程、蛋白质工程中的重要手段。为提高分子克隆实验的操作效率,本研究设计并合成基于聚合酶引物不完全延伸（polymerase incomplete primer extension,PIPE）现象的质粒克隆位点序列。并以此为基础统一相关引物的设计方案,避免传统酶切--连接法中需针对不同载体MCS序列设计不同引物的缺点。该方案利用13 bp定长接头序列,在同一体系中使用2对引物、2种线性化模板同时扩增载体和插入片段,通过20个循环,在1次PCR过程中即合成可供转化使用的带缺口质粒产物。在NEB Q5酶系统中,利用此法将3种荧光素酶序列插入pET-15b及pET-21b(+)载体,均获得成功。且利用商品化感受态细胞（转化效率 > 5×108 cfu/μg）转化后所获得转化子数量均在300个以上,其中含插入片段的阳性克隆比例可达85%以上。基于本方案的设计及作用原理,可将其应用于10 kb以内载体和插入片段的快速重组。且具有通用性强、耗时少、阳性克隆得率高和成本低等优点,是传统DNA重组方法的有益补充,可作为各实验室的常规分子克隆手段之一。     

基于微滴式数字PCR检测肠癌病人游离环状DNA KRAS突变的新方法

基于微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应(Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction,dd PCR)设计一种检测肠癌游离循环DNA(Circulating cell free DNA,cf DNA)中KRAS(V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog)基因突变的新方法并评估其灵敏度和准确性。根据肠癌病人KRAS基因的突变类型设计并合成,采用dd PCR扩增并评估其灵敏度和准确性;根据AMRS-PCR引物设计原理设计KRAS基因的实时定量PCR扩增引物并评估其准确性,进而比较dd PCR和q PCR二者之间的优缺点;最后针对52例肠癌病人的cf DNA采用dd PCR进行检测,研究dd PCR在cf DNA KRAS基因突变检测的应用。成功使用dd PCR和q PCR两种方法对KRAS野生型及7种突变型建立检测方法,使用质粒标准品及实际样品验证该两种方法可行并对其假阳性率、线性范围及检测下限等性能进行了评价,最后成功对52例临床患者和20例正常人的血浆cf DNA样本进行检测,临床灵敏度为97.64%,临床特异性为81.43%。dd PCR的检测性能优于q PCR,LOD达到个位数DNA拷贝,最低可确认突变浓度达到0.01%–0.04%。样本提取效率在方法学建立中也十分重要,直接影响到灵敏度和Cut Off值的判定。临床患者检测结果显示其KRAS突变率接近报道水平。     

Use of the multi-allelic self-incompatibility gene in apple to assess homozygocity in shoots obtained through haploid induction

 To obtain homozygous genotypes of apple, we have induced haploid development of either the female or the male gametes by parthenogenesis in situ and anther culture, respectively. Of the shoots obtained, which were mainly of a non-haploid nature, some could be derived from fertilised egg cells or from sporophytic anther tissue. In order to select the shoots having a true haploid origin, and thus homozygotes, we decided to use the single multi-allelic self-incompatibility gene as a molecular marker to discriminate homozygous from heterozygous individuals. The rationale behind this approach was that diploid apple cultivars contain 2 different alleles of the S-gene and therefore the haploid induced shoots obtained from them should have only one of the alleles of the single parent. The parental cultivars used were ‘Idared’ (parthenogenesis in situ) and ‘Braeburn’ (androgenesis), and their S-genotypes were known, except for 1 of the ‘Braeburn’S-alleles. To stimulate parthenogenetic development ‘Idared’ styles were pollinated with irradiated ‘Baskatong’ pollen, the S-alleles of the latter (2n) cultivar were also unknown. The cloning and sequence analysis of these 3 unidentified S-alleles, 1 from ‘Braeburn’ and 2 from ‘Baskatong’ is described, and we show that they correspond to the S ₂₄ -, S ₂₆ - and S ₂₇ -alleles. We have optimised a method for analysis of the S-alleles of ‘Idared/Baskatong’- or ‘Braeburn’-derived in vitro plant tissues and have shown that this approach can be applied for the screening of the in vitro shoots for their haploid origin. Received: 18 August 1997 / Accepted: 10 September 1997     

苦丁茶冬青的RAPD影响因素及实验条件的优化

以苦丁茶冬青为材料研究随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)的影响因素及各种实验条件优化。研究结果表明：模板DNA的浓度适宜范围为20ng／反应-80ng／反应RAPD均可得到一致的结果;dNTVs的适宜浓度范围为200μmol／L-400μmol／L;Mg^2 适宜浓度范围为1．5mmol／L-2．0mmol／L;其合适的复性温度为35—37℃;2min的延伸时间,45次热循环。按照此优化的RAPD条件进行重复实验,实验结果重现性良好,因而确定了苦丁茶冬青RAPD反应体系之最佳的实验条件。     

Rapid and effective detection of anthrax spores in soil by PCR

AIMS: To detect Bacillus anthracis DNA from soil using rapid and simple procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Various amounts of B. anthracis Pasteur II spores were added artificially to 1 g of soil, which was then washed with ethanol and sterile water. Enrichment of the samples in trypticase soy broth was performed twice. A DNA template was prepared from the second enrichment culture using a FastPrep instrument. The template was then used for nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with B. anthracis-specific primers, to confirm the presence of B. anthracis chromosomal DNA and the pXO1/pXO2 plasmids. CONCLUSIONS: One cell of B. anthracis in 1 g of soil could be detected by nested and real-time PCR. The usefulness of the PCR method using field samples was also confirmed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results indicate that this could be a useful method for detecting anthrax-spore contaminated soil with high sensitivity. Its application could have great impact on the progress of epidemiological surveillance.     

Phenotypic characterization and bulk segregant analysis of anther culture response in two backcross families of diploid potato

Two diploid (2n=2x=24) backcross potato populations (PBCp, and CBC) were characterized for anther culture response (ACR). PBCp (Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk. genotype 1-3 × CP2) and CBC (CP2 × S. chacoense Bitt. genotype 80-1) resulted from a cross between CP2 (intermediate ACR) and its parents, S. chacoense 80-1(low ACR) and S. phureja 1-3 (high ACR). Three components of ACR were initially investigated: embryos per anther (EPA), embryo regeneration rate and percent monoploids (2n=1x=12) among regenerants. EPA was selected for further characterization because of its relative stability. In a series of studies of EPA on a total of 44 genotypes within CBC, nine high (mean EPA=2.5) and ten low (mean EPA=0.02) selections were made. In PBCp, ten high (mean EPA= 4.7) and ten low (mean EPA= 0.05) selections were made from 67 genotypes. High and low selections were used for bulk segregant analysis to screen 214 RAPD primers as candidate markers linked to EPA. Bands amplified by OPQ-10 and OPZ-4 were associated in coupling and repulsion, respectively, to ACR in PBCp. A band amplified by OPW-14 primer was associated in coupling to ACR in CBC. One-way ANOVAs using presence/absence of each candidate band to classify additional genotypes in each population verified association of the markers with EPA.     

Characterization of a novel nm23 gene and its potential roles in gametogenesis in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Nm23 is a family of genes encoding the nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase, which functions in a wide variety of biological processes, including growth, development, differentiation and tumor metastasis. In this study, a novel nm23 gene, designated as Mrnm23, was identified from the freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The full-length cDNA was 776 bp in length, encoding for a protein of 176 amino acids with one typical NDP kinase domain that harbored all the crucial residues for nucleotide binding and enzymatic activity. Like human novel nm23-H1B, the putative protein contained a unique 21-amino-acid NH₂-terminal extension as compared to human nm23 (nm23-H1) homologs. Further, 3 extra amino acid residues prolonged the COOH-terminus. The Mrnm23 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, including androgenic gland, gill, heart, liver, muscle, ovary, and testis. In situ hybridization to gonad sections indicated that the Mrnm23 mRNA was localized in the cytoplasm of cup-base of differentiating spermatids, in the spike of the umbrella-shaped spermatozoa and in the cytoplasm of the early previtellogenic oocytes, suggesting that the Mrnm23 has potential roles in spermiogenesis and early differentiation of oocyte.