Potential pharmaceutical resources of the Qinling Mountain in central China: medicinal fungi

The present investigation on fungal diversity shows that there were rich fungal resources of up to 196 species, belonging to 41 families and 90 genera, in the Qinling Mountainous Range of central China. The dominant families were Polyporaceae, Russulaceae, Tricholomatacea and Lycoperdaceae, which comprised 107 species, 54.59% of the total species. The dominant genera were Russula, Lactarius, Trametes, Phellinus, Coprinus, Lycoperdon, Suillu, and Calvatia, which consisted of 59 species, 30.09% of the total species. According to the geographical characteristics, the genera were grouped into: cosmopolitan element (74.98%), pantropical element (3.57%), tropical element (1.02%) and north temperate element (21.43%), with the cosmopolitan element constituting the majority. Among these, the cosmopolitan and North Temperate Zone were characteristic of this region. Based on relevant literature review, the primary pharmaceutical action of the medicinal fungi in Qinling Mountain can be classified as follows: anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, relief of muscle rigidity and activation of collaterals, hemostasis, immunological regulation, as well as nourishing the stomach and tonification which means enhancing the body system. Contributed equally to the paper     

利用红外相机监测大熊猫种群恢复区域生物多样性

红外相机是一种经典的野生动物观测手段,具有连续性、非损伤性等一系列优点,可以很好地应用于对大熊猫（Ailuropodamelanoleuca）等重要野生动物物种的监测。2018年8月至2020年10月两年多时间,本研究在位于秦岭山系中段的陕西黄柏塬、观音山与佛坪三个国家级自然保护区中的4条沟谷（大南沟、破碾子沟、大古坪岩屋沟及龙潭子岩屋沟）共架设80台红外相机,对秦岭山系中段大熊猫种群恢复区域的野生动物活动情况进行非损伤性监测。监测期间共获得鸟类与兽类影像34514张,辨认并记录68个物种,包括兽类21种和鸟类47种,在此基础上建立野生动物影像数据库,并利用该数据库分析了监测区域的物种多样性状况。结果显示,研究区域的生物多样性比较丰富,各物种丰度分布较为均匀,鸟类的多样性高于兽类,而均匀性较低;在不同沟谷中,佛坪保护区龙潭子岩屋沟的群落丰富性和均匀性均很高,但动物绝对数量较少,有待进一步调查;观音山保护区破碾子沟的群落丰富性和均匀性则最低,应关注这一区域的生态恢复工作;黄柏塬自然保护区大南沟监测到的野生动物总有效照片数与大熊猫有效照片数均最多,侧面说明其在4条沟谷中生态情况恢复相对较好...     

柳属植物在秦岭地区的分布和分化

本文对秦岭地区41种柳属植物采用简约性分析讨论形态演化,采用聚类分析讨论地理分布式样和分化。秦岭地区有较完整的多雄蕊类群→两雄蕊类群→单雄蕊类群的演化。其分布式样和区系特征和邻近地区即华北、华中和西南成分联系密切,表现出明显的过渡性质,其中青藏高原成分占重要地位,特别可以从太白山分布上去说明。本区的地理分化也被青藏高原成分和华中成分所作用。     

Geographic variability of flower colour inCrocus scepusiensis (Iridaceae)

The distribution of four variants for flower colour ofCrocus scepusiensis in the northern part of the Western Carpathians is described. The frequency of white stigmata morphs declines from east to west. In the center of the area stigmata colour morphs show strikingly patchy distribution. White perianth morphs usually occur at low frequencies and their distribution with minor exceptions is restricted to the central part of the area, where patchy distribution of the morphs is a rule. These distribution patterns suggest that the founder effect has played a major role in determining the genetic composition of individual populations. The cline for stigmata colour may also be explained by the dynamics of population expansion. No influence of selection can be demonstrated, but the association between perianth and stigmata colour, and the excessively low frequency of white perianth morphs may imply that the polymorphisms are not selectively neutral.     

Chromosomal differentiation withinCrocus vernus agg. (Iridaceae) in the Carpathian Mts.

Western and eastern Carpathian populations ofCrocus heuffelianus s. lat. (incl.C. scepusiensis) have 2n = 18 but differ in karyotype. While western populations are chromosomally monomorphic, eastern populations exhibit geographical karyotypic differentiation.     

A contribution to the karyology ofCrocus vernus agg. (Iridaceae) from the Iserian Mts. (Sudety Mts., Poland)

The Iserian Mts. form ofCrocus vernus agg. has 2n = 16 and a karyotype clearly deviating fromC. heuffelianus s. lat.     

长尾管蚜蝇Eristalis tenax体色变异的研究

通过对长尾管蚜蝇体色变异的研究,发现该种蚜蝇在体色变异方面有如下特点：（1）腹部色斑的变异形式多样,种群中以浅色者为主,深色的个体比例较少;腹部色斑变异表现出明显的性别差异,雄性变异形式比雌性丰富;（2）后足腿节颜色变异呈现出一定的连续性,从主要呈黑色（肉眼观察）到黄褐色;且这种变化与性别无关;（3）翅上暗色云斑的变化仅有2种形式,种群中具暗色云斑者占大多数;云斑的有无与性别无关;（4）体色变异与发生季节、海拔无关.     

Report on Karyotypes of 10 Species of Liliaceae (s. l.) From Qinling Range

The karyotypes of 10 species of the Liliaceae from the Qinling Range are reported as follows. I. Polygonatum Mill. (1) P. odoratum ( Mill. ) Druce was found to have the karyotype 2n=20=12m+8sm ( Plate 3, Fig. I), which belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) karyotype classification 2B. The chromosomes range from 3.88 to 11.26μm in size. Table 2 shows the karyotypes and number fundamentals (N.F.) of 13 materials from 12 different localities. The N. F. of these materials can be classified into two groups: N.F. =36 and N.F.=40, besides one (N.F. =38) from Beijing. N. F. =36 covers all the materials with 2n= 18 which have relatively symmetrical karyotypes ( all consisting of m and sm chromosomes), one with 2n=20 (10m+6sm+4st) and one with 2n=22 (14m+8st). N.F. =40 include four materials with 2n= 20 (all of m and sm chromosomes ) and 3 with 2n= 22 (10m+ 8sm+ 4st). ￥ It is considered that there are two original karyotypes, 2n= 18 with N. F. = 36 and 2n= 20 with N.F. =40, which are relatively symmetrical. All the more asymmetrical karyotypes with some st chromosomes have probably evolved from the symmetrical karyotypes without st chromosomes by centric fission. (2) P. zanlanscianense Pamp. has the karyotype 2n=30=18m(2SAT) + 4sm+ 6st+ 2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1) which belongs to 2C. The chromosomes range from 2.16 to 9.76μm. ￥ II. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. The karyotype of this species is 2n = 16= 8m(2SAT )+ 6sm + 2st (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3 ) , which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 2.33 to 5.30μm. Most species in Asparagus, including A.Filicinus, are reported to have basic number x= 10, and therefore 2n= 16 is a new chromosome number for A.filicinus. EL-Saded et.al.(1972) gave a report of n=8 for A. stipularis from Egypt, while Delay (1947) reported 2n = 24 for A. trichophyllus and A. verticillatus, Sinla(1972 ) gave a report of 2n=48 for A.racemosus. It is certain that there are two basic numbers in the genus Asparagus. III. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino was found to have the karyotype 2n=24=4m+8st+12t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 3B. The chromosomes range from 8.71 to 20.24μm. IV. Smilax discotis Warb. was shown to have the karyotype 2n=32=4m+22sm+4st (2SAT)+2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3), which belongs to 3C. The first pair is much longer than others. The chromosomes range from 1.79 to 9.21μm. The chromosome number and karyotype of S. discotis are both reported for the first time. V. Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth is of the karyotype 2n=38=28m+10sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 5.65 to 12.75μm. VI. Tupistra chinensis Baker was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=25m+ 13sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 8.11 to 23.82μm. A pair of heterozygous chromosomes is arranged at the end of the idiogram. The eighth pair possesses an intercalary satellite. Huang et al. (1989) reported the karyotype of T. chinensis from Yunnan as 2n = 38 = 24m+ 14sm without any intercalary satellite. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) gave a report on the karyotype of T. nutans from Bhutan, which consists of 18 pairs of median to submedian chromosomes and one pair of subterminal chromosomes. And one pair of submedian chromosomes possess intercalary satellites on their short arms. VII. Rohdea japonica (Thunb) Roth. was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=30m+6sm+2st ( Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 7.94 to 18.29μm. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) reported that the karyotype of R.japonica from Japan was the same as that of Tupistra nutans from Bhutan. But we have not discov ered any chromosome with an intercalary satellite. VIII. Hosta Tratt. (1) H. plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers was shown to have 2n=60. The 60 chromosomes are in 30 pairs,which can be classified into 4 pairs of large chromosomes (7.32- 8.72μm ), 3 pairs of medium-sized ones (4.72-5.60μm), and 23 pairs of small ones (1.40-3.64μm), (Plate 3 ,Table 4 ). The karyotype of H. plantaginea is reported for the first time. (2) H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn was counted to have 2n=120, The 120 chromosomes are in 60 pairs, which can be classified into 8 pairs of large chromosomes (7.00- 8.40μm ), 6 pairs of medium-sized ones(4.40- 6.15um ), 46 pairs of small ones (1.20- 3.85μm), (Plate 3, Table 4). Based on the karyotypes of H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa, the latter is probably a tetraploid in the genus Hosta. Kaneko (1968b) gave a report on the karyotype of H. ventricosa, which is of8 pairs of large chromosomes, 4 pairs of medium-sized and 48 pairs of small ones.     

A Revision of Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains and Adjacent Regions,China(II)

A study was made of Fritillaria crassicaulis,F．delavayi,F． przewaskii,F．davidii,and their related species in the Hengduan Mts．and its adjacent Regions．Of Fritillaria,eight species and one variety are recognized in this area,and names of four species,six varieties,one cultivated variety and one form are reduced as synonyms．     

Storm-dominated deposition of the Lower Jurassic crinoidal limestones in the Krížna unit, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland

The Lower-Middle Jurassic of the Krína unit in the Western Tatra Mts. (southern Poland) shows considerable facies variation. Crinoidal grainstones of variable thickness (up to 12 m) are one of characteristic facies. They occur above spiculites which were deposited below storm wave base on the slopes of elevated horsts. First single beds of crinoidal limestones occur within spiculites. They were deposited as event beds, generated probably by storms. The overlying thick complex of well-sorted grainstones composed almost entirely of crinoidal ossicles display widespread erosional bed amalgamation, hummocks and locally wave-formed ripples. The above characteristics are the effects of multiple reworking and winnowing of fine crinoidal material by oscillatory currents related to storms. This proves that the sedimentation of the crinoidal grainstones took place between the storm and the fair-weather wave bases. The vertical transition from spiculites with intercalations of crinoidal limestone beds towards the crinoidal grainstones is interpreted as the result of a shallowing upward trend. Since this trend is opposite to the global Early Toarcian transgression, this could be related to an uplift due to local block tectonic activity. The evidence for that is diversification of facies in the Krína Basin, as well as submarine slumps recorded in spiculites. The location of Krína Basin on relatively low northern latitude and on western edges of great Tethys Ocean during Early Jurassic enabled the formation of the crinoidal tempestites.