水土保持耕作法是治理黄土高原地区坡耕地的根本措施

坡耕地所造成的土壤侵蚀,已成为全世界共同关注的问题。黄土高原地区,沟壑纵横,地形破碎,沟深坡陡,是世界上水土流失最强烈的地区。坡耕地的水土流失不仅是造成河流水库淤积的一个重要原因,更重要的是每年要丧失大量的肥沃表土,导致农业减产和土壤退化。一遇暴雨,人民的生命财产将遭受到巨大的威胁。黄土高原地区每年水力侵蚀土层深度达0.2—2cm,每1ha 损失表土120t 左右,损失     

青藏高原动物地理区的地位和东部界线问题

本文从历史时空的角度分析了青藏高原地区发生的鱼类区系的变化过程,和高原鱼类区系演化的相对独立性,认为这一鱼类区系的分化直接反映了高原隆升事件,并应当在动物地理区划上得到客观反映,即将青藏高原作为一个独立的区划单元。由于青藏高原的隆升和造成古北区、东洋区分化的第三纪末、第四纪初的全球性气候变冷在时间上相近、波及的范围都巨大,共同促成了欧亚大陆古北区、东洋区和青藏高原区特有类群的分化,作为对这些地史事件反映的青藏高原区、古北区和东洋区,在动物地理区划上应该具有相同的地位．另外,依据高原鱼类的分布范围和青藏高原对非高原鱼类的阻碍作用,讨论了青藏高原的界限及其划分问题。     

青藏高原边缘地区史前遗址2009年调查试掘报告

2009年6月—7月,在青藏高原边缘地区调查、试掘了6处遗址,获得一批石制品、动物骨骼残片、火塘等材料。石制品多数个体较小,类型包括石核、石片、工具、断块、细石核、细石叶等。通过对比出土材料及部分遗址测年数据判断,6处遗址的年代处于13ka BP左右的晚更新世至全新世。此次调查试掘,丰富了该区域人类活动的证据,对研究青藏高原环境变化、古人类的适应生存过程及技术交流有一定意义。     

高寒草原优势种叶片结构变化与生态因子的关系

 为了揭示青藏高原高寒草原优势物种青藏苔草（Carex moorcroftii）和紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）对高原特殊环境的适应性,该文研究了 它们的叶片结构在自然环境梯度下的变化以及这些变化与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明：这两个物种叶片的大多数结构特征在各个样地间变 化显著,其结构特征与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系。紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量的增高而减小,下表皮细胞厚度和韧皮部面积 随生长季云盖度的增高而增加,单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温 的降低而增厚,泡状细胞厚度（径向直径）随大陆度的增强而增加,上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH值的增大而增大,导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤 速效P含量的增高而增加。青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅,仅维管组织指标变异系数小于紫花针茅。     

青藏高原蝇科昆虫生物地理初探

对青藏高原蝇科昆虫进行了生物地理学研究.青藏高原已知蝇科9亚科42属574种,以特有类群占优势.其中特有属占11.9%,特有种占66.2%,文中讨论了该地区区系成分的多源性,特有成份的特异性及青藏高原北缘特有属的起源与演化,特有种的狭域分布现象及理论探讨.讨论了该地区与其它地区间隔分布的多样性及高原蝇科昆虫的适应性.分析了青藏高原的隆起与冰期对蝇科昆虫的作用.青藏高原的横空崛起以及第四纪冰期--间冰期的循环往复,导致该地区生境千差万别,使蝇科区系不仅有地域分异,且垂直差异显著.在此期间,北方物种向南入侵,南北成分交互渗透,高山类群适应进化,使许多特有成分在这里被陶冶、孕育,故而造成了该地区蝇科区系的特有性和物种的多样性.     

Linking species performance to community structure as affected by UV-B radiation: an attenuation experiment

Aims UV-B radiation is known to affect plant physiology and growth rate in ways that can influence community species composition and structure. Nevertheless, comparatively little is known about how UV-B radiation induced changes in the performance of individual species cascades to affect overall community properties. Because foliage leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis and carbon gain and are the major organ that senses and responds to UV-B radiation, we hypothesized that, under reduced UV-B radiation, species with larger leaf areas per plant would manifest higher growth rates and hence tend to improve their community status compared to species with smaller leaf areas per plant in herbaceous plant communities.Methods We tested this hypothesis by examining plant traits (leaf area per plant and plant height), plant growth rate (aboveground biomass per plant and plant biomass per area) and community status (species within-community relative biomass) for 19 common species in a two-year field experiment in an alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau.Important findings Aboveground biomass per plant, as well as per area, progressively increased in a 39% reduced (relative to ambient) UV-B treatment during the experimental period. At the second year, 11 out of 19 species significantly or marginally significantly increased their plant height, leaf area per plant and aboveground biomass per plant. No species was negatively affected by reducing UV-B. As hypothesized, the increase in aboveground biomass per plant increased with increasing leaf area per plant, as indicated by cross-species regression analysis. Moreover, the change in species within-community status increased with increasing leaf area per plant. Our study demonstrates that UV-B radiation has differential effects on plant growth rate across species and hence significantly affects species composition and plant community structure. We suggest that UV-B radiation is an ecological factor structuring plant communities particularly in alpine and polar areas.     

黄土高原水土流失治理现状、问题及对策

黄土高原位于黄河中游地区,是世界上水土流失最为严重的区域之一;黄土高原水土流失治理问题历来受到国家高度关注,涌现了种类多样的水土流失治理模式,目前还缺乏对黄土高原区域尺度水土流失治理模式的总结和整理。本文总结和整理了建国以来黄土高原主要的四类水土流失治理模式,生物措施模式主要由退耕还林、荒山造林和封山育林工程组成,工程措施模式包括修建梯田和淤地坝,以及近期涌现的治沟造地工程;小流域综合治理模式主要体现在坡面、沟道系统整治,生物和工程措施相结合的特点,区域综合整理模式则强调对生态系统进行整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,达到生态、社会、经济可持续发展。基于黄土高原水土流失治理模式存在的问题,提出了黄土高原水土流失治理模式调整和优化建议,以期对黄土高原生态恢复建设和水土流失科学治理提供科学依据。     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

Evaluating the role of livelihood assets in suitable livelihood strategies: Protocol for anti-poverty policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Although numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between livelihood assets and strategies, only a few quantitative studies exist on the topic for anti-poverty policies with regard to the Tibetan Plateau. This study investigated 357 households in the upper reaches of the Dadu River watershed in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, using the participatory rural appraisal method. Then, applying a multinomial logistic regression model, we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, the findings of which have implications for local agricultural policy interventions. The preliminary results indicate that of the four classifications of livelihood strategies used in this study, the main livelihood strategy is that of the non-farming-dependent household type (i.e., Type III in our study) that combines agricultural and non-farm activities or practices self-employment for wages. There are significant differences in the livelihood assets owned by households with different livelihood strategies. Human, natural, and financial assets have significant influences on livelihood strategies, and the choice of livelihood strategy varies by livelihood assets. Further, with improvements in household labor capacity and cash income per capita, the livelihood strategies of non-agricultural and non-farming households may shift away from agriculture, while an increase in farmland cultivated per capita, cash income per capita, and household labor capacity may encourage households to adopt agriculture-dependent livelihood strategies. These findings contribute to research on livelihood and related development strategies and anti-poverty policies in not only the Eastern Tibetan Plateau but also other regions with similar livelihood strategies.     

金露梅与格桑花

青藏高原的格桑花是什么植物或者说是什么植物的花,存在广泛争议,困扰着想一探究竟的人们。格桑花作为一种精神存在于藏族百姓心中,是他们追求幸福吉祥和美好生活的情感象征,是重要的雪域文化标识,认识熟知并开发利用好它,将有助于推动藏区生态、文化和产业振兴。金露梅是青藏高原分布最广的树木,按集生羽状复叶小叶数可分为5叶金露梅和7叶金露梅,《中国植物志》对它们的记载分别是金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa L.）和小叶金露梅（P.parvifolia Fisch.）。通过对青藏高原植被和历史文化景观考察,结合当地藏民描述及地方传说,本研究认为格桑花就是金露梅,其分布海拔可以拓展到5200 m的高寒恶劣环境。金露梅生性强健,耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐强光,象征着藏族同胞刚毅、坚强、勤劳质朴、不畏严寒、生命力顽强的品格。