季节性雪被对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸2种优势植物碳、氮积累和分配的影响

依据2006~2008冬季的自然雪被分布状况,在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸中设置3条样带（即深雪、中雪和浅雪）。在2009年的生长季,在3个雪梯度样带中,分别测定了2种优势植物圆穗蓼（Polygonum macrophyllum）和黑褐穗苔草（Carex atrofusca subsp. Minor）生物量和碳氮营养积累及分配的动态特征。结果表明,深雪能够促进圆穗蓼和黑褐穗苔草生物量和碳氮养分的积累,可能使它们产生的凋落物数量更多且质量更好。深雪更有利于圆穗蓼（非禾本科草本植物）根系生物量、碳氮养分的积累;深雪不仅同时促进黑褐穗苔草（禾本科植物）地上部分和根系生物量、碳氮积累,而且还使其种子产量增加和质量提高,潜在地增强了黑褐穗苔草种子的繁殖能力,可能使得黑褐穗苔草的种间竞争能力增强。可以预见,未来季节性雪被的变化,必定会引起青藏高原东缘高寒草甸的初级生物量及其结构、植物群落物种组成等均发生相应变化。     

高原低氧环境下牙周炎的发病机制

牙周炎的病理过程受全身和局部因素的综合调控,一些调查研究显示高原牙周炎患病率高于平原地区,显然高原特殊环境在牙周炎的发生和发展过程中起到一定的作用,因此本文就高原低氧环境下牙周病变组织的变化、可能的发病机制作一综述。     

Phylogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic Juniperus przewalskii (Cupressaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence variation

The vegetation of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is dominated by alpine meadow and desert-steppe with sparse forests scattered within it. To obtain a better understanding of the phylogeography of one constituent species of the forests in this region, we examined chloroplast trnT-trnF and trnS-trnG sequence variation within Juniperus przewalskii, a key endemic tree species. Sequence data were obtained from 392 trees in 20 populations covering the entire distribution range of the species. Six cpDNA haplotypes were identified. Significant population subdivision was detected (G(ST) = 0.772, N(ST) = 0.834), suggesting low levels of recurrent gene flow among populations and significant phylogeographic structure (N(ST) > G(ST), P < 0.05). Eight of the nine disjunct populations surveyed on the high-elevation northeast plateau were fixed for a single haplotype (A), while the remaining, more westerly population, contained the same haplotype at high frequency together with two low frequency haplotypes (C and F). In contrast, most populations that occurred at lower altitudes at the plateau edge were fixed or nearly fixed for one of two haplotypes, A or E. However, two plateau edge populations had haplotype compositions different from the rest. In one, four haplotypes (A, B, D and E) were present at approximately equivalent frequencies, which might reflect a larger refugium in the area of this population during the last glacial period. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most widely distributed haplotype A is not ancestral to other haplotypes. The contrasting phylogeographic structures of the haplotype-rich plateau edge area and the almost haplotype-uniform plateau platform region indicate that the plateau platform was recolonized by J. przewalskii during the most recent postglacial period. This is supported by the findings of a nested clade analysis, which inferred that postglacial range expansion from the plateau edge followed by recent fragmentation is largely responsible for the present-day spatial distribution of cpDNA haplotypes within the species.     

RAPD Profiling in Detecting Genetic Variation in Endemic Coelonema (Brassicaceae) of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to measure genetic diversity of Coelonema draboides (Brassicaceae), a genus endemic to the Qilian Mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We sampled 90 individuals in 30 populations of Coelonema draboides from Datong and Huzhu counties of Qinghai Province in P.R. China. A total of 186 amplified bands were scored from the 14 RAPD primers, with a mean of 13.3 amplified bands per primer, and 87% (161 bands) polymorphic bands (PPB) was found. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) shows that a large proportion of genetic variation (84.2%) resides among individuals within populations, while only 15.8% resides among populations. The species shows higher genetic diversity between individuals than other endemic and endangered plants. The RAPDs provide a useful tool for assessing genetic diversity of rare, endemic species and for resolving relationships among populations. The results show that the genetic diversity of this species is high, possibly allowing it to adapt more easily to environmental variations. The main factor responsible for the high level of differentiation within populations and the low level of diversity among populations is probably the outcrossing and long-lived nature of this species. Some long-distance dispersal, even among far separated populations, is also a crucial determinant for the pattern of genetic variation in the species. This distributive pattern of genetic variation of C. draboides populations provides important baseline data for conservation and collection strategies for the species. It is suggested that only populations in different habitats should be studied and protected, not all populations, so as to retain as much genetic diversity as possible.     

Genetic Variation Within and Among Populations of Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) Native to the Tibetan Plateau as Detected by ISSR Markers

Genetic variation of 10 Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) populations from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China was investigated using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. R. alsia is an endemic species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Of the 100 primers screened, 13 were highly polymorphic. Using these primers, 140 discernible DNA fragments were generated with 112 (80%) being polymorphic, indicating pronounced genetic variation at the species level. Also there were high levels of polymorphism at the population level with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 63.4 to 88.6%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was mainly found among populations (70.3%) and variance within populations was 29.7%. The main factors responsible for the high level of differentiation among populations are probably the isolation from other populations and clonal propagation of this species. Occasional sexual reproduction might occur in order to maintain high levels of variation within populations. Environmental conditions could also influence population genetic structure as they occur in severe habitats. The strong genetic differentiation among populations in our study indicates that the conservation of genetic variability in R. alsia requires maintenance of as many populations as possible.     

繁殖期高原鼠兔的行为时间分配与后代存活率的关系

2002年4-8月份,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志流放、直接观察法和解剖法对青藏高原特有的植食性小哺乳动物———高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)的行为时间分配、繁殖特征和后代存活率等方面进行了研究。结果表明,雌、雄成体平均地面活动时间占总时间的比例分别为88.67%和89.88%,在不同的繁殖时段,成体的各种行为时间分配存在显著的变化,并影响后代的存活率。幼体从出生到15d的存活率和雌、雄性成体的每次移动距离以及雌性成体的地面活动强度都显著的正相关;从15d到45d的存活率和雄性成体的地面活动强度、观望强度显著的正相关。在相同的观察时期,高原鼠兔雌、雄成体的一些行为时间分配存在显著差异,如雄性成体地面移动距离、频次在繁殖前期显著的高于雌性成体;雄性成体的观望强度在6、7月份显著高于雌性成体。说明雄性成体在领域防卫中较雌性成体承担更多的责任,雌、雄成体在育幼活动中的繁殖投入存在互补性。     

Characteristics of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) from August to October of Alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China

The Alpine meadow is one of the vegetation types widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau in China with an area of about 1.2 million square kilometers. The Damxung rangeland station, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is covered with an typical vegetation. The continuous carbon flux data (from August to middle October, 2003) measured with the open-path eddy covariance system was used to analyze the diurnal variation pattern of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and its relationship with the environmental factors, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), precipitation, and temperature. Results showed that NEE presented obvious diurnal variation pattern with single-peak of diurnal maximum carbon assimilation at 11: 00–12: 00 (local time) with an average of −0.268 mg CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹, i.e., −6.08 μmol CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹. During the daytime, NEE fitted fairly well with PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function with the apparent quantum yield (0.020 3 μmol CO₂ μmol⁻¹ PAR) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (9.741 1 μmol CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹). During the night-time, NEE showed a good exponential relation with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica 2005, 25(8): 1948–1952 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1948–1952]     

甘南地区小红珠绢蝶生物学特性研究初报

小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim在甘肃甘南1年发生1代。翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,6月下旬开始化蛹,7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫开始羽化,8月中旬至9月上旬成虫开始产卵,该虫以卵越冬。     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统植被碳密度分布规律及其与气候因子的关系

根据青藏高原高寒草原生态系统中以降水量为主要驱动力的东西样带和以气温为主要驱动力的南北样带内植被土壤的实测数据,分析了这一区域植被碳密度的分布特征及其与气候因子之间的关系.结果表明,在南北样带内(北纬28°46′～31°40′),植被碳密度首先随纬度的增加而增加,当纬度达到约北纬30°16′处,植被碳密度达到最大值0.873 1 kg·m-2,之后,则随纬度的增加而减少,植被碳密度总体上呈现出南北低、中间高的分布特征;在东西样带内(东经80°02′～91°50′),植被碳密度随经度的增加而增加,呈现出东高西低的分布特征.在南北样带内植被碳密度与年均降水量和年均气温之间的偏相关系数均达到极显著水平,而在东西样带内植被碳密度与年均降水量和年均气温之间的偏相关系数也均达到显著水平;在南北样带内植被碳密度先随年均气温和年均降水量的增加而增加,当年均气温达到约-1.5 ℃、年均降水量达到约497.0 mm时,植被碳密度达到最大值1.329 6 kg·m-2,之后,随年均气温和年均降水量的增加而减少;在东西样带内植被碳密度也先随年均气温和年均降水量的增加而增加,当年均气温达到约0.7 ℃、年均降水量达到约409.0 mm时,植被碳密度达到最大值1.208 3 kg·m-2,之后,随年均气温和年均降水量的增加而减少.研究结果显示,青藏高原高寒草原生态系统南北样带和东西样带内的植被碳密度分布均是年均气温和年均降水量综合作用的结果,且年均降水量的作用大于年均气温.     

云雾山草坡和泾川刺槐林坡面土壤电阻率和含水率的空间差异

采用盆栽控水的方法,研究干旱胁迫（80%FC、60%FC、40%FC和20%FC）及施氮（N0 0 g·pot-1、Nl 1.2 g·pot-1、Nm 3.6 g·pot-1和Nh 6.0 g·pot-1）对麻疯树幼苗叶、茎和根部主要渗透调节物质积累的影响.结果表明： 干旱胁迫条件下,麻疯树幼苗茎和根部的游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和茎部可溶性糖大量积累,叶片中脯氨酸含量也随干旱胁迫程度的增加大幅度上升;Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在麻疯树幼苗叶、茎和根中大量积累,而K+仅在茎中大量积累,叶片和根部K+含量略微上升.施氮对植株渗透调节物质的影响与干旱胁迫强度和施氮水平有关.在80%FC和60%FC水分条件下,增加N肥施用量能明显促进麻疯树幼苗各组分渗透调节物质的积累;在40%FC水分条件下,Nh处理对渗透调节物质积累的促进作用减弱;而在20%FC条件下,Nl处理植株的渗透调节能力较高,Nm和Nh处理对植株渗透调节的促进作用不明显甚至转为抑制.