后河国家级自然保护区蛾类昆虫的季节多样性

后河国家级自然保护区位于湖北省与湖南省交界处,属于武陵山脉,与湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区相邻。该保护区自然环境优越,为昆虫繁衍提供了良好条件。为了研究后河国家级自然保护区蛾类昆虫的季节动态变化,在春、夏、秋三季,选取茅坪、湾潭和独岭为样地,采用灯光诱集方法,对后河国家自然保护区的蛾类昆虫群落多样性及季节变化进行了调查。采用α-多样性测度方法,分析了物种丰富度(S)、多样性指数(科、属及种级)(H)、均匀度指数(J)和优势度指数(D)。结果表明:后河国家自然保护区的蛾类昆虫分属21科173属227种,其中夜蛾科的丰富度最高达到62。随后是,尺蛾科和螟蛾科昆虫,它们的物种丰富度指数分别为为58和25。从各科个体数来看,尺蛾科昆虫最多有423头,灯蛾科排第二,有351头,第三的是夜蛾科昆虫有336头。蛾类昆虫的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数随季节变化而变化。蛾类昆虫的物种丰富度指数以夏季最高,达到117;然后依次是秋季和春季。科级、属级和种级多样性指数也以夏季最高,分别为2.22、4.05和4.29。均匀度指数和优势度指数以春季最高,分为2.40和0.12。研究得出后河国家级自然保护区的生态环境好。     

Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis

Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at ?30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.     

昆明西山森林公园天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离鉴定及多样性分析

【背景】不同地区虫草物种多样性的调查是虫草相关研究的热点之一,虫草真菌区系研究是真菌资源研究的重要内容。【目的】了解云南省昆明市西山森林公园天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的多样性,增加对虫草真菌区系的认识。【方法】对该地区通过资源调查并采用组织分离法对采集的虫草样本进行虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离,利用形态特征观察及ITS联合nr SSU、nr LSU、translation elongation factor-1α (tef-1α)、rpb1、rpb2多基因测序进行虫生真菌物种鉴定及多样性分析。【结果】共采集45份云南省昆明市西山森林公园天然虫草样本,鉴定结果表明隶属于2科5属12种,包括虫草科(Cordycipitaceae)的鳞翅虫草属(Samsoniella)(2种,含疑似新种1个)、虫草属(Cordyceps)(4种)和白僵菌属(Beauveria)(4种),以及线虫草科(Ophiocordycipitaceae)的紫枝孢属(Purpureocillium)(1种)和弯颈霉属(Tolypocladium)(1种,为疑似新种),优势属为虫草属(Cordyceps),优势种为环链虫草(C...     

Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of south-west Côte d'Ivoire

At two sites, one with a 4-year-old (4-Y) secondary vegetation and the other with a 20-year-old (20-Y) vegetation, the influence of burning slashed vegetation on crop performance was studied during three seasons. In the first season after clearing, also the influence on weed growth was studied. At both sites, burning significantly decreased the number of weed seedlings. The lowest number of seedlings was found on the burnt plots of the 20-Y site. Burning increased yield and nutrient uptake significantly in the first and second season after clearing. In the third season after burning, only at the 4-Y site a significantly higher yield and nutrient uptake were found. At the 20-Y site the effect had disappeared. Calculations of efficiency of utilization of absorbed N, P and K indicated that P was the least available nutrient, also after burning. At both sites three consecutive crops absorbed approximately 40% of P applied in ash, while the cumulative recovery of K was at least 36% at the 4-Y site and at least 59% at the 20-Y site. On non-burnt plots, yields were not lower in the third season than in the first season after clearing, thus indicating that the inherent soil fertility did not decrease. Hence, yield decline on the burnt plots could be ascribed to ash depletion. It was concluded that in the local shifting cultivation system, the combination of ash depletion and infestation of weeds are the main reasons for abandoning the fields.     

广西木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局的分形特征

为了揭示种群空间分布特征随尺度的变化规律,探讨不同种群对空间资源的占据能力和生态适应能力及分形差异,采用计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数对木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局特征进行了研究。结果表明,优势种铁榄（Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum）、东女贞（Ligustrum japonicum）、小栾树（Boniodendron minius）、稀有濒危种掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）5个种群在相应的尺度具有明显的分形特征;计盒维数和信息维数大小顺序一致,均为：铁榄〉东女贞〉小栾树〉掌叶木〉青檀;在5个种群中,铁榄计盒维数为1．7763最大,接近2,对空间环境的占据能力最强,信息维数（1．7206）也最大,个体聚集强度强,在群落中处于绝对优势地位,青檀计盒维数（0．8316）和信息维数（0．8990）最小,对环境的占据利用能力弱,个体聚集程度整体较弱,在群落中处于伴生地位;在0．5～50m的尺度上,关联维数大小顺序为：铁榄（1．7314）〉东女贞（1．6688）〉小栾树（1．6050）〉青檀（0．7868）,而掌叶木只有在大的尺度上才出现关联,且关联较强。3个分形维数大小的不同组合,能够全面揭示不同种群格局特征和种群在群落中所处地位的差异。     

2016年度国家自然科学基金微生物学学科项目申请与资助概况分析

摘要:本文介绍了2016年度国家自然科学基金微生物学学科项目申请、受理和资助概况,分析了各分支学科和各项目类别申请的特点和存在的问题,并对今后微生物学学科资助方向进行了展望,希望能够为本学科科研人员今后的项目申请提供有益参考。     

Soil-surface carbon dioxide efflux and microbial biomass in relation to tree density 13 years after a stand replacing fire in a lodgepole pine ecosystem

The effects of fire on soil‐surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux, F_S, and microbial biomass carbon, C_mic, were studied in a wildland setting by examining 13‐year‐old postfire stands of lodgepole pine differing in tree density (< 500 to > 500 000 trees ha^?1) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). In addition, young stands were compared to mature lodgepole pine stands (～110‐year‐old) in order to estimate ecosystem recovery 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Growing season F_S increased with tree density in young stands (1.0 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in low‐density stands, 1.8 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in moderate‐density stands and 2.1 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in high‐density stands) and with stand age (2.7 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in mature stands). Microbial biomass carbon in young stands did not differ with tree density and ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg C g^?1 dry soil over the growing season; C_mic was significantly greater in mature stands (0.5–0.8 mg C g^?1 dry soil). Soil‐surface CO₂ efflux in young stands was correlated with biotic variables (above‐ground, below‐ground and microbial biomass), but not with abiotic variables (litter and mineral soil C and N content, bulk density and soil texture). Microbial biomass carbon was correlated with below‐ground plant biomass and not with soil carbon and nitrogen, indicating that plant activity controls not only root respiration, but C_mic pools and overall F_S rates as well. These findings support recent studies that have demonstrated the prevailing importance of plants in controlling rates of F_S and suggest that decomposition of older, recalcitrant soil C pools in this ecosystem is relatively unimportant 13 years after a stand replacing fire. Our results also indicate that realistic predictions and modeling of terrestrial C cycling must account for the variability in tree density and stand age that exists across the landscape as a result of natural disturbances.     

Minimization of a sodium dithionite-derived interference in nitrate reductase-methyl viologen reactions

The use of sodium dithionite as the reducing agent to produce the radical cation of methyl viologen cofactor for the nitrate reductase-catalyzed reduction of nitrate to nitrite causes a negative interference in the diazonium salt azo dye determination of nitrite. The interference results from bisulfite, a reaction product of dithionite, reacting with the diazonium salt formed from nitrite and sulfanilamide. Addition of formaldehyde before the diazotization reaction masks this interference but at low acidity introduces a nonlinearity in the nitrite calibration curve. This nonlinearity is due to a competing reaction of formaldehyde with sulfanilamide to yield a Schiff base and can be eliminated by increasing the HCL content of the sulfanilamide reagent.     

Purification and characterization of guanylate cyclase from Caulobacter crescentus

Guanylate cyclase has been purified 60-fold from cell extracts of the bacterium $\text{Caulobacter crescentus}$. It has a molecular weight of approximately 140,000 and is dependent upon Mn²⁺ for activity. Enzymic activity is unaffected by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP or N⁶,O^2′-dibutyryl cyclic AMP but is stimulated by N²,O^2′-dibutyryl cyclic GMP. The partially purified preparation of guanylate cyclase does not contain detectable adenylate cyclase activity.