The effects of habitat and spatial features of wetland fragments on the abundance of two rallid species with different degrees of habitat specialization

The management of wild gamebirds for shooting involves a combination of habitat management (woodland, field boundaries and game crops), winter feeding and control of potential nest predators, any of which could benefit other birds, including nationally declining species associated with farmland habitats. Changes in numbers of passerines were monitored over six years in relation to game management on farmland in Leicestershire. Nest success was monitored over four years and, for some species, was inversely related to abundance of breeding corvids. Abundance of breeding passerines increased during the period of game management. Species whose breeding populations have declined nationally (coincident with agricultural intensification) showed the greatest increases in abundance relative both to other species, and to the same nationally declining species in nearby farmland. The precise mechanism by which the game management package contributes to increased breeding numbers is not understood and is likely to differ between species. However, these results show that further integration of wild game management into farming systems could have conservation benefits for nationally declining farmland birds.     

Associations between distance to forest and spatial and temporal variation in abundance of key peatland breeding bird species

Capsule Negative forest edge effects were detected for Willow Ptarmigan (Red Grouse) Lagopus lagopus and Dunlin Calidris alpina.

Aims To investigate the effects of distance to forest on the abundance and changes in abundance of four key peatland breeding bird species, and to measure changes in predatory bird numbers, in the peatlands of northern Scotland.

Methods Bird surveys were carried out in 2000 at 34 plots, covering 197 km² of peatland, and 80 forestry point‐count sites, first surveyed in 1988. Habitat data were also collected in 2000. We used multi‐model inference to investigate the associations between forest distance and other habitat variables, and the abundance, and changes in abundance, of four bird species of economic or conservation importance: Red Grouse, European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria, Dunlin and Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia.

Results There was strong evidence that distance to forest was negatively associated with Dunlin abundance and changes in Red Grouse abundance, but only weak evidence for negative associations with Golden Plover abundance and changes in Dunlin abundance. There was no evidence of a forest distance effect on Greenshank. Among predatory birds, there were no significant increases either on peatland plots or in new forestry plantations.

Conclusions This study provides evidence that, for a given habitat quality, Dunlin densities are lower, and Red Grouse declines more likely, near to forest edges, but weak evidence only that Dunlin declines are more likely, and Golden Plover abundance lower, near to forests. These results suggest that for at least two key peatland breeding birds, forest removal is likely to benefit birds breeding on adjacent unafforested peatland.     

Distribution shifts in wintering Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria and Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in Britain

Capsule The winter distribution of Golden Plover and Lapwing has shifted east since the mid-1980s, perhaps in response to climate change.

Aims To combine analyses of winter trends on wetlands and flocks on farmland to assess the current status of Golden Plover and Lapwing in one of their main wintering regions.

Methods Winter trends were derived from monthly counts on estuaries and wetlands for the period 1974–2002 (the Wetland Bird Survey). Winter distribution on farmland was assessed using casual records of large flocks and surveys of a stratified random sample of 1-km squares (the Winter Farmland Bird Survey).

Results Regional trends showed a pronounced increase in numbers of both species since 1974 on the east coast, with a smaller increase on the south coast. Numbers in the west and north tended to decline. Flocks on farmland were concentrated in eastern Britain unlike the situation in the 1980s.

Conclusions The winter distribution of Golden Plover and Lapwing has shifted to the east, resulting in large numbers on the east coast and in the arable east of Britain. The implications of this shift, especially in relation to known habitat associations, are discussed.     

夏枯草多糖的分离、纯化及结构初步分析

采用100℃热水提取,得到夏枯草粗多糖。经阴离子交换柱层析、凝胶过滤柱层析对粗多糖进行纯化分级,通过高效凝胶过滤色谱测得了其主要组分PLS3的重均分子量为8.3×10-5Da。对PLS3进行了红外分析,测定了其初步结构;并分别以气相色谱和柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定了粗多糖和PLS3的单糖组成,发现两者所含单糖种类一致,都为半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖,但两种物质的单糖组成相对摩尔百分比有所差异。     

甘肃莲花山自然保护区栗背岩鹨的繁殖生态初步观察

2001年7月在甘肃省莲花山自然保护区,对栗背岩鹨的繁殖习性作了考察,详细记述了这种鸟的4个巢,并报道了该鸟的声谱及其幼鸟的形态。     

棕眉山岩鹨的代谢产热特征的初步研究

实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计 ,分别测定了环境温度 (Ta)在 5～ 35℃范围内棕眉山岩鹨 (Prunellamontanella)的耗氧量和体温 (Tb) ,由此计算出代谢率 (MR)、热传导率 (C)和代谢预期比与热传导预期比 (F)等值 ,以探讨该种的代谢产热特征。结果表明 :棕眉山岩鹨在Ta 为 5～ 35℃时 ,Tb 基本维持恒定 (为 4 1 2 5± 0 12℃ ) ,MR的最低值为 4 2 7± 0 0 7mLO2 /(g·h) ;Ta 在 5～ 2 4℃时 ,MR与之负相关 :MR [mLO2 /(g·h) ]=10 39- 0 2 4Ta℃ ;Ta 在 5～ 2 6 5℃时 ,C最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 6±0 0 0mLO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;Ta 在 2 4～ 30℃时 ,F值为 1 0 5 ,表明该种具有较好的体温调节能力。与热带地区鸟类比较 ,棕眉山岩鹨具较高的MR和Tb,稍高的C ,符合北方小型鸟类的代谢特点 ,能较好的适应冬寒冷、夏炎热的环境。     

Folin-Ciocalteu分光光度法测定夏枯草总酚含量的研究(英文)

通过采用Folin-Ciocalteu试剂,以没食子酸为对照品,用紫外可见分光光度法,研究测定夏枯草中总酚含量。结果表明,在装有样品的10 mL容量瓶中依次加入Folin-Ciocalteu试剂0.5 mL,20%Na2CO31.7 mL,室温放置60 min后,在波长660 nm或760 nm测定吸光度。多酚质量浓度在0～10.3μg/mL范围内与吸光度有良好的线性关系,回归方程在660 nm为Y=94.542X-0.0067,R2=0.9999,加样回收率为101.7～105.0%;760 nm为Y=101.13X-0.0191,R2=0.9990,加样回收率为105.1～107.6%。本研究在稳定性、准确性和重复性方面都具有较好的实验结果,可为夏枯草多酚的定量分析提供方法参考。     

秦岭发现黑喉岩鹨

2001年3月20日在秦岭主脊采集到黑喉岩鹨(Prunella atrogularis)1只,为秦岭鸟类新纪录.本文对其形态特征及采集地和生境进行了描述,对其居留型进行了分析.     

夏枯草属三种药用植物的氨基酸和微量元素

夏枯草属三种药用植物的氨基酸和微量元素王德贵,姚惠英,苏中武（第二军医大学药学院,上海２００４３３）Ａｎａｌｙｓｅｓｏｎｔｈｅａｍｉｎｏａｃｉｄｓａｎｄｔｒａｃｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆ３ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＰｒｕｎｅｌｌａ￥ＷａｎｇＤｅ－Ｇｕｉ;ＹａｏＨ...