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121.
122.
Studies of proteins synthesized in vitro by messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from tobacco protoplasts showed that the changes
in protein synthesis and especially the lack of certain proteins observed previously in isolated protoplasts did not result
from a failure of translation. 相似文献
123.
MH Daleke AD van der Woude AH Parret R Ummels AM de Groot D Watson SR Piersma CR Jiménez J Luirink W Bitter EN Houben 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(38):31939-31947
Mycobacteria use the dedicated type VII protein secretion systems ESX-1 and ESX-5 to secrete virulence factors across their highly hydrophobic cell envelope. The substrates of these systems include the large mycobacterial PE and PPE protein families, which are named after their characteristic Pro-Glu and Pro-Pro-Glu motifs. Pathogenic mycobacteria secrete large numbers of PE/PPE proteins via the major export pathway, ESX-5. In addition, a few PE/PPE proteins have been shown to be exported by ESX-1. It is not known how ESX-1 and ESX-5 recognize their cognate PE/PPE substrates. In this work, we investigated the function of the cytosolic protein EspG(5), which is essential for ESX-5-mediated secretion in Mycobacterium marinum, but for which the role in secretion is not known. By performing protein co-purifications, we show that EspG(5) interacts with several PPE proteins and a PE/PPE complex that is secreted by ESX-5, but not with the unrelated ESX-5 substrate EsxN or with PE/PPE proteins secreted by ESX-1. Conversely, the ESX-1 paralogue EspG(1) interacted with a PE/PPE couple secreted by ESX-1, but not with PE/PPE substrates of ESX-5. Furthermore, structural analysis of the complex formed by EspG(5) and PE/PPE indicates that these proteins interact in a 1:1:1 ratio. In conclusion, our study shows that EspG(5) and EspG(1) interact specifically with PE/PPE proteins that are secreted via their own ESX systems and suggests that EspG proteins are specific chaperones for the type VII pathway. 相似文献
124.
The effects of abscisic acid (37.8 μM), polyethylene glycol (5%), proline (10 mM), tryptophan (490 μM) and indoleacetic acid
(5.7 μM) on rice callus regeneration were studied at various doses of NaCl (0, 50 and 100 mM) on three month-old mature embryo-derived
callus of two japonica (I Kong Pao and Aiwu) and two indica (IR 2153 and Nona Bokra) rice cultivars differing in salinity
tolerance. NaCl strongly decreased the regeneration frequency of all cultivars but slightly increased the survival of regenerated
plantlets. Tryptophan stimulated regeneration and increased subsequent survival rates of regenerated plantlets in all cultivars
at all NaCl doses. Abscisic acid and polyethylene glycol, though not affecting the final regeneration percentages, delayed
regeneration and reduced the mean number of plantlets produced per regenerating callus in all cultivars, as well as rooting
ability and survival of regenerated plantlets in indica genotypes. Proline had no marked effect on regeneration, whatever
the NaCl dose or cultivar, while indoleacetic acid reduced shoot regeneration and increased root regeneration.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
125.
The tight junction (TJ) is an essential component of the differentiated epithelial cell required for polarised transport and intercellular integrity and signalling. Whilst much can be learnt about how the TJ is constructed and maintained and how it functions using a wide range of cellular systems, the mechanisms of TJ biogenesis within developmental models must be studied to gain insight into this process as an integral part of epithelial differentiation. Here, we review TJ biogenesis in the early mammalian embryo, mainly considering the mouse but also including the human and other species, and, briefly, within the amphibian embryo. We relate TJ biogenesis to inherent mechanisms of cell differentiation and biosynthesis occurring during cleavage of the egg and the formation of the first epithelium. We also evaluate a wide range of exogenous cues, including cell-cell interactions, protein kinase C signalling, gap junctional communication, Na+/K+-ATPase and cellular energy status, that may contribute to TJ biogenesis in the embryo and how these may shape the pattern of early morphogenesis. 相似文献
126.
糖结合蛋白(glycan-binding protein,GBP)在细胞生命周期中扮演着重要角色,如细胞识别、运输、免疫、代谢、增殖分化及细胞间的相互作用等.目前,对GBP的改变对细胞生物过程产生影响的研究甚少.本研究用糖芯片技术对肝癌细胞系Hep G2和正常肝细胞系L02表达的GBP进行研究;糖细胞化学验证确定差异表达GBP在肝癌细胞系中的变化和分布.结果显示,8种糖探针(如SL、LNT和Gal NAc等)和5种糖探针(如Man、Man-9-Glycan,Xyl等)分别对应的GBP在Hep G2细胞中表达上调或下调.糖细胞化学结果显示:Gal NAc识别的GBPs主要表达在Hep G2的胞膜、中央胞质、核周胞质区域,而在L02的相同区域表达减弱;Neu Ac识别的GBPs主要表达在L02的胞膜区及核周胞质区,而在Hep G2细胞的相同区域表达减弱.这些数据为寻找新的肝癌发病机制和抗肿瘤策略提供了有用信息. 相似文献
127.
ATP binding cassette transport systems account for most import of necessary nutrients in bacteria. The periplasmic binding component (or an equivalent membrane-anchored protein) is critical to recognizing cognate ligand and directing it to the appropriate membrane permease. Here we report the X-ray structures of d-xylose binding protein from Escherichia coli in ligand-free open form, ligand-bound open form, and ligand-bound closed form at 2.15 Å, 2.2 Å, and 2.2 Å resolutions, respectively. The ligand-bound open form is the first such structure to be reported at high resolution; the combination of the three different forms from the same protein furthermore gives unprecedented details concerning the conformational changes involved in binding protein function. As is typical of the structural family, the protein has two similar globular domains, which are connected by a three-stranded hinge region. The open liganded structure shows that xylose binds first to the C-terminal domain, with only very small conformational changes resulting. After a 34° closing motion, additional interactions are formed with the N-terminal domain; changes in this domain are larger and serve to make the structure more ordered near the ligand. An analysis of the interactions suggests why xylose is the preferred ligand. Furthermore, a comparison with the most closely related proteins in the structural family shows that the conformational changes are distinct in each type of binding protein, which may have implications for how the individual proteins act in concert with their respective membrane permeases. 相似文献
128.
Falvo S Di Carli M Desiderio A Benvenuto E Moglia A America T Lanteri S Acquadro A 《Proteomics》2012,12(3):448-460
Plants respond to ultraviolet stress inducing a self-defence through the regulation of specific gene family members. The UV acclimation is the result of biochemical and physiological processes, such as enhancement of the antioxidant enzymatic system and accumulation of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds (e.g. flavonoids). Globe artichoke is an attractive species for studying the protein network involved in UV stress response, being characterized by remarkable levels of inducible antioxidants. Proteomic tools can assist the evaluation of the expression patterns of UV-responsive proteins and we applied the difference in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) technology for monitoring the globe artichoke proteome variation at four time points following an acute UV-C exposure. A total of 145 UV-C-modulated proteins were observed and 119 were identified by LC-MS/MS using a ~144,000 customized Compositae protein database, which included about 19,000 globe artichoke unigenes. Proteins were Gene Ontology (GO) categorized, visualized on their pathways and their behaviour was discussed. A predicted protein interaction network was produced and highly connected hub-like proteins were highlighted. Most of the proteins differentially modulated were chloroplast located, involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolisms, protein folding and abiotic stress. The identification of UV-C-responsive proteins may contribute to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to UV stress. 相似文献
129.
Maize callus cells possess numerous protein bodies which develop as sub-compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum. We localized
maize calreticulin mRNAs and protein in maize callus cells using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Calreticulin
mRNAs were selectively targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subdomains surrounding protein bodies. Profilin mRNAs, used
as a positive control for in situ hybridization experiments, showed distinct and rather diffuse localization pattern. Using
both, immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy localization techniques, calreticulin was found to be enriched
around and within protein bodies in maize callus storage cells. As a positive control for reticuloplasmins, HDEL antibody
revealed labelling of protein bodies and of the nuclear envelope. The identity of protein bodies was confirmed by specific
binding of an α zein antibody. These data suggest that calreticulin mRNA is targeted towards protein body forming subdomains
of the ER, and that calreticulin is localized and enriched in these protein bodies. The possibility that calreticulin plays
an important role in zein retention within the ER and/or its assembly and packaging into protein bodies during protein body
biogenesis in maize callus is discussed. 相似文献
130.
In this paper, we propose a structure for organo-mineral associations in soils based on recent insights concerning the molecular
structure of soil organic matter (SOM), and on extensive published evidence from empirical studies of organo-mineral interfaces.
Our conceptual model assumes that SOM consists of a heterogeneous mixture of compounds that display a range of amphiphilic
or surfactant-like properties, and are capable of self-organization in aqueous solution. An extension of this self-organizational
behavior in solution, we suggest that SOM sorbs to mineral surfaces in a discrete zonal sequence. In the contact zone, the formation of particularly strong organo-mineral associations appears to be favored by situations where either (i) polar
organic functional groups of amphiphiles interact via ligand exchange with singly coordinated mineral hydroxyls, forming stable
inner-sphere complexes, or (ii) proteinaceous materials unfold upon adsorption, thus increasing adhesive strength by adding
hydrophobic interactions to electrostatic binding. Entropic considerations dictate that exposed hydrophobic portions of amphiphilic
molecules adsorbed directly to mineral surfaces be shielded from the polar aqueous phase through association with hydrophobic
moieties of other amphiphilic molecules. This process can create a membrane-like bilayer containing a hydrophobic zone, whose components may exchange more easily with the surrounding soil solution than those in the contact zone, but which are
still retained with considerable force. Sorbed to the hydrophilic exterior of hemimicellar coatings, or to adsorbed proteins,
are organic molecules forming an outer region, or kinetic zone, that is loosely retained by cation bridging, hydrogen bonding, and other interactions. Organic material in the kinetic zone
may experience high exchange rates with the surrounding soil solution, leading to short residence times for individual molecular
fragments. The thickness of this outer region would depend more on input than on the availability of binding sites, and would
largely be controlled by exchange kinetics. Movement of organics into and out of this outer region can thus be viewed as similar
to a phase-partitioning process. The zonal concept of organo-mineral interactions presented here offers a new basis for understanding
and predicting the retention of organic compounds, including contaminants, in soils and sediments. 相似文献