A review of non-prostanoid,eicosanoid receptors: expression,characterization, regulation,and mechanism of action

Eicosanoid signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain and to cell survival itself. Disruption of normal eicosanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Eicosanoid signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, eicosanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12079-021-00630-6.     

保护素DX对类风湿关节炎大鼠模型中PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：研究保护素DX（PDX）对类风湿关节炎（RA）大鼠模型的治疗作用及机制,及其对PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的影响。方法：通过皮下注射牛Ⅱ型胶原与弗氏完全佐剂诱导RA大鼠模型,建模后将SD大鼠随机分为4组：对照组（n=12）：正常SD大鼠;RA组（n=12）：RA模型大鼠;低剂量PDX处理组（n=12,L-PDX组）：接受10 μg/kg/d PDX治疗的RA模型大鼠;高剂量PDX处理组（n=12,H-PDX）：接受20 μg/kg/d PDX治疗的RA模型大鼠。各组大鼠治疗4周后,采用ELISA法检测血清中IgA、IgG、IgM、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10的水平。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色评价大鼠踝关节病变。通过免疫组化染色或Western blot检测滑膜组织中PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT、p-AKT、mTOR、p-mTOR、Bcl-2、Bax、LC3-I、LC3-II和Becline-1的表达。结果：与RA组相比,L-PDX组和H-PDX组的关节炎指数（AI）评分均显著降低（P<0.05）,炎性细胞浸润、软骨破坏程度及滑膜上皮细胞增生减轻。与RA组相比,L-PDX组和H-PDX组的血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量均降低（P<0.05）。与RA组相比,L-PDX组和H-PDX组的血清TNF-α和IFN-γ水平均降低,IL-4和IL-10水平均升高（P<0.05）。与RA组相比,L-PDX组和H-PDX组大鼠踝关节滑膜组织中的p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-mTOR/mTOR和Bcl-2的蛋白相对表达量均降低,而Bax、LC3-II/LC3-I和Becline-1的蛋白相对表达量均升高（P<0.05）。结论：本研究表明PDX可有效减轻RA大鼠症状,其机制与调节B淋巴细胞活化和体液免疫、纠正Th1/Th2失衡、抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

PDX regulates inflammatory cell infiltration via resident macrophage in LPS‐induced lung injury

Inflammatory cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Protectin DX (PDX), an endogenous lipid mediator, shows anti‐inflammatory and proresolution bioactions. In vivo, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with PDX (0.1 µg/mouse) after intratracheal (1 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal (10 mg/kg) LPS administration. Flow cytometry was used to measure inflammatory cell numbers. Clodronate liposomes were used to deplete resident macrophages. RT‐PCR, and ELISA was used to measure MIP‐2, MCP‐1, TNF‐α and MMP9 levels. In vitro, sorted neutrophils, resident and recruited macrophages (1 × 10⁶) were cultured with 1 μg/mL LPS and/or 100 nmol/L PDX to assess the chemokine receptor expression. PDX attenuated LPS‐induced lung injury via inhibiting recruited macrophage and neutrophil recruitment through repressing resident macrophage MCP‐1, MIP‐2 expression and release, respectively. Finally, PDX inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and transmembrane was associated with TNF‐α/MIP‐2/MMP9 signalling pathway. These data suggest that PDX attenuates LPS‐stimulated lung injury via reduction of the inflammatory cell recruitment mediated via resident macrophages.     

Crystal structure of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase from Zymomonas mobilis at 1.9-Å resolution

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is the second enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The structure of the apo-form of this enzyme from Zymomonas mobilis has been solved and refined to 1.9-Å resolution, and that of a binary complex with the co-substrate NADPH to 2.7-Å resolution. The subunit of DXR consists of three domains. Residues 1–150 form the NADPH binding domain, which is a variant of the typical dinucleotide-binding fold. The second domain comprises a four-stranded mixed β-sheet, with three helices flanking the sheet. Most of the putative active site residues are located on this domain. The C-terminal domain (residues 300–386) folds into a four-helix bundle. In solution and in the crystal, the enzyme forms a homo-dimer. The interface between the two monomers is formed predominantly by extension of the sheet in the second domain. The adenosine phosphate moiety of NADPH binds to the nucleotide-binding fold in the canonical way. The adenine ring interacts with the loop after β1 and with the loops between α2 and β2 and α5 and β5. The nicotinamide ring is disordered in crystals of this binary complex. Comparisons to Escherichia coli DXR show that the two enzymes are very similar in structure, and that the active site architecture is highly conserved. However, there are differences in the recognition of the adenine ring of NADPH in the two enzymes.     

A novel class of highly potent multidrug resistance reversal agents: Disubstituted adamantyl derivatives

Novel disubstituted adamantyl derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in a P-glycoprotein dependent multidrug resistance cancer cell line. The hit to lead optimization provided potent MDR reversal agents. Some potent adamantyl derivatives were more than 10-fold more potent than verapamil without considerable intrinsic cytotoxicity. The 3-trifluorophenyl derivative 14f did not affect the metabolism of CYP450 3A4, whereas most of MDR revertants had a weak inhibitory effect.     

Plant isoprenoid biosynthesis via the MEP pathway: In vivo IPP/DMAPP ratio produced by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase in tobacco BY-2 cell cultures

Feeding tobacco BY-2 cells with [2-¹³C,4-²H]deoxyxylulose revealed from the ¹³C labeling that the plastid isoprenoids, synthesized via the MEP pathway, are essentially derived from the labeled precursor. The ca. 15% ²H retention observed in all isoprene units corresponds to the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP)/dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) ratio (85:15) directly produced by the hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate reductase, the last enzyme of the MEP pathway. ²H retention characterizes the isoprene units derived from the DMAPP branch, whereas ²H loss represents the signature of the IPP branch. Taking into account the enantioselectivity of the reactions catalyzed by the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, the IPP isomerase and the trans-prenyl transferase, a single biogenetic scheme allows to interpret all labeling patterns observed in bacteria or plants upon incubation with ²H labeled deoxyxylulose.     

接种变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E对不同甘蔗品种的促生效应

为探究具有高固氮酶活性的变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E回接甘蔗后的固氮能力和促生效应,以甘蔗品种B8和GT21的无菌组培苗为材料,采用根部接种的方法,研究固氮菌DX120E在甘蔗体内的定殖数量及其对甘蔗组培苗植株生长、氮代谢关键酶活性和硝态氮含量及矿质元素吸收的影响.结果表明： 固氮菌DX120E能在甘蔗根和地上部分组织内生存和定殖;接种固氮菌DX120E可以有效促进甘蔗植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收;显著提高甘蔗植株体内的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,同时也能在一定程度上提高植株体内谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,增加硝态氮含量.表明变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E对甘蔗具有明显的促生效应,在生物固氮肥开发方面具有较大的应用前景.     

丁香内生死亡谷芽孢杆菌DX78的分离鉴定及其抑菌成分

【背景】植物内生菌往往产生与植物相同、相似或新颖的次生代谢产物,丁香具有广谱优异的抗菌活性,可从中分离到强抑菌作用的内生细菌。【目的】筛选抑制姜瘟病菌的丁香内生细菌并分离其活性成分。【方法】牛津杯法筛选拮抗内生细菌;根据16S rRNA基因序列鉴定菌株;有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析和薄层制备色谱分离活性成分;测定1HNMR、13CNMR和DEPT(135°)并对分离的活性成分进行结构鉴定;滤纸片法和菌丝生长速率法测定活性成分抑菌活性。【结果】共分离到112株丁香内生细菌,从叶中分离最多,占37.4%。其中17株对姜瘟病菌有抑制,DX78菌株抑制作用最好,经鉴定为死亡谷芽孢杆菌,并从其发酵液中追踪分离到邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate, DBP)。DBP对姜瘟病菌、猕猴桃溃疡病菌的MIC分别为0.3 mg/disc、0.25 mg/disc;其还可抑制多种植物病原真菌,特别对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制EC50仅分别为3.751、18.568和22.019μg/mL。以苹果炭疽叶枯病菌为靶标菌,戊唑醇抑制毒力约为DBP抑制毒力的4.5倍,DBP抑制毒...