均匀设计法对超临界流体提取金边瑞香鲜花条件的优化

目的研究超临界CO2流体提取(SFE)金边瑞香鲜花中有效成份的最佳条件。方法采用均匀设计方法，以提取压力、提取温度、解析压力、解析温度四个因素，每个因素7个水平进行实验。结果在SFE中最佳提取条件：提取压力35MPa，提取温度40℃，解析压力5～8MPa，解析温度36℃。结论本法是一种简便、高选择性和高效率提取金边瑞香鲜花有效成份的方法。     

红色花保鲜液研究

目的:研究红色花标本的保鲜液,使红色花标本能够长期保存。方法:采用正交设计,对红色花标本采用了3因素(乙酸、甲醛和亚硫酸)3水平的试验,并用分光光度法测量不同试验号保存的红色标本中红色花色素的含量,确定最佳的红色花保鲜液的配方。结果:经过使用分光光度法检测不同保鲜液保存花标本中红色花色素的含量,测得使用5号配方(0.5%乙酸、0.5%甲醛和0.2%亚硫酸)保鲜液保存的红色花标本,花色素的含量最高,可达0.983mg,时间超过1y。结论:使用0.5%乙酸、0.5%甲醛和0.2%亚硫酸配制的保鲜液可以较长时间的保存红色花标本。     

The architecture of Mourera fluviatilis (Podostemaceae): developmental morphology of inflorescences,flowers, and seedlings

Mourera fluviatilis from northern South America is a spectacular member of the Podostemaceae (river-weeds). Its raceme-like inflorescences are up to 64 cm long and have 40–90 flowers arranged in two opposite rows. Inflorescence development starts with the initiation of a double-sheathed (dithecous) bract in a terminal position. All lateral bracts (again dithecous) are initiated in basipetal order along the two flanks of the inflorescence. Each gap between two neighboring bracts contains a single flower. The flowers are bisexual, each with a whorl of 16–20 ligulate tepals and 14–40 stamens, which are arranged in one or two whorls. Floral development starts with the formation of a girdling primordium rim around a two-lobed primordial gynoecium. Stamen and tepal initiation is centrifugal on the girdling primordium. The anthers are introrse or extrorse, depending on stamen position. Seedlings develop two entire, threadlike cotyledons, followed by forked filamentous leaves, which arise from the plumular pole. The radicular pole of the hypocotyl develops into a claw-shaped holdfast that fixes the young plant to the rock. The developmental morphologies of Mourera fluviatilis and other members of the Mourera group (including Lonchostephus and Tulasneantha) fit well with the Podostemoideae bauplan known from other New World genera, such as Apinagia and Marathrum.     

Convergent evolution of morphological specializations in Central European bee and honey wasp species as an adaptation to the uptake of pollen from nototribic flowers (Hymenoptera, Apoidea and Masaridae)

In the Central European apoid and masarid fauna, 13 bee species belonging to seven different taxonomic groups and one honey wasp species were found to be equipped with a specialized pollen-collecting apparatus on the face which is used to harvest pollen from nototribic flowers, viz. representatives of the Lamiaceae and the Scrophulariaceae. Pollen from these two plant families plays an important part in the larval nourishment of these hymenopteran species. The pollen-collecting apparatus consists of a peculiar facial pilosity composed of transformed hairs which are thickened at their base and either knobbed apically (Celonites abbreviatus) or extended into a thin tail which is either straight and bent at right angles ( Rophites spp., Anthophora borealis, A. furcata ) or wavy ( Anthidium spp., Anthocopa andrenoides, Osmia aurulenta, O. caerulescens ). Nototribic flowers are worked by pollen-collecting females by rubbing the facial area covered with the transformed hairs over the anthers (Celonites, Anthidium, Anthocopa, Osmia) , by buzzing the pollen amongst the transformed hairs (Anthophora Jurcata) or by a combination of rubbing movements and buzzing (Rophites) . Bee species lacking special morphological devices were observed to perform specialized behaviours when collecting pollen at nototribic flowers. Nototribic flowers, therefore, appear to be difficult to exploit for pollen. The raised position of the anthers in nototribic flowers as a possible means to reduce excessive pollen losses caused by pollen-collecting hymenopterans is discussed.     

An experimental examination of the effects of habitat quality on the dispersal and local abundance of the butterfly Parnassius smintheus

Abstract 1. Nectar flower abundance was manipulated through flower removal, and sex ratio was manipulated by moving individual butterflies within a series of nine alpine meadows. The movement and abundance of the butterfly Parnassius smintheus in the meadows were monitored using mark–release–recapture methods.
2. A total of 937 butterflies, 698 males and 239 females, was captured. There were 223 observed between-meadow movements. Fifty-two per cent of males and 35% of females moved among meadows.
3. The immigration of male butterflies was related positively to nectar flowers, host plant abundance, and female butterflies. Male emigration was not affected by any of the treatments. The number of males captured was related positively to nectar flowers and host plants but not affected by sex ratio. The number of resident male butterflies was greater in meadows containing flowers and was related positively to host plant abundance, but unaffected by sex ratio.
4. Flower removal, sex ratio, and abundance of Sedum had no significant effect on the abundance, movement, or residence time for female butterflies, in part due to small sample size.
5. The fact that males immigrate to higher quality meadows suggests that male butterflies are assessing meadow quality, either by sampling meadows or potentially from a distance using olfactory cues.