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31.
F.J. Avelar P. Martínez-Pereda F. Thalasso R. Rodríguez-Vázquez F.J. Esparza-García 《Biotechnology letters》2001,23(14):1115-1118
Wastewater treatment using laboratory scale waste stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge was studied. After enrichment, the efficiency of these ponds under high organic loading rates (i.e., up to 2800kg CODha–1day–1) reached a maximum COD removal rate of 970kg CODha–1day–1, which is from 2 to 10 times more than commonly reported values, and suggests that enrichment is an effective method to improve stabilisation ponds. 相似文献
32.
Summary. Two goals of multiple-dose factorial trials are (i) demonstrating improved effectiveness of a fixed combination over each of its components as well as (ii) identifying a safe and effective dose range. The authors address both goals though with focus on the second by closure procedures that guarantee strong control of the familywise error rate. Two different families of null hypotheses are investigated for bi-factorial dose–response designs that are monotone with respect to the matrix partial order. One is suitable to find the minimum effective dose(s) and the other one is large enough to identify the highest effective dose step(s). Likelihood ratio tests and appropriate multiple contrast tests are applied to an unbalanced clinical trial example taken from Hung (2000, Statistics in Medicine 19, 2079–2087). Full computer code written in the R language is available from the Internet. 相似文献
33.
In the time-left procedure, a task used to study prospective timing, animals choose between two stimuli that signal different delays to reinforcement. Trials begin with one stimulus signaling C seconds to reinforcement and, at different moments since its onset, another stimulus, signaling S seconds to reinforcement, with C > S, is introduced. Optimal performance consists in choosing the stimulus signaling the shorter time to reinforcement. Animals have been found to perform in this optimal way. However, this procedure is complex and variables other than time may be responsible for the results. In two experiments with pigeons we sought to improve the time-left procedure to better isolate the effect of time in the animals’ behavior. We attempted to control for two confounding variables, the asymmetry in the time markers from training to testing and the cost of switching between the two response alternatives. We conclude that in the time-left task pigeons seem indeed to regulate their behavior based on time because, with our improved procedure, they still chose the stimulus associated with the shorter time to food. However, our version of the procedure created new interpretative difficulties, strengthening the idea that the time-left procedure may be too complex to study timing. 相似文献
34.
Homograft or allograft tissue has been available for use as replacement for diseased valves or reconstruction of major vessels for decades. However, with respect to replacement of diseased valvular tissue the search for the ideal valve still continues. In this review we will discuss the clinical indications, surgical techniques, and outcome of aortic homografts. 相似文献
35.
Transformation of recalcitrant turfgrass cultivars through improvement of tissue culture and selection regime 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M.X. Cao J.Q. Huang Y.L. He S.J. Liu C.L. Wang W.Z. Jiang Z.M. Wei 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,85(3):307-316
Tissue culture techniques, medium composition, pH value and targeted tissues, agroinfection and co-culture conditions, selection process were optimized for efficient turfgrass transformation. A highly regenerable callus lines were produced in callus induction medium modified from N6 basal medium. Six-week-old calluses were cultured on Pre-regeneration medium I for 4 days and then subjected to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. After co-cultivation at 20±1 °C in a 16 h light/8 h darkness for 3 days, the calluses were cultured on non-selective Pre-regeneration medium II supplemented with 400 mg l−1 l-cysteine for 7 days. Plantlets were regenerated on the Regeneration medium without selection pressure. A selection pressure was given to the regenerated plantlets when they were rooted on the Plantlet rooting medium. Roots appeared within 8–12 days in putative transformed plantlets. Resistant plants obtained were phenotypically normal and fully fertile. Chemical and molecular analyses confirmed that foreign genes were successfully introduced into the genome of perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The transformation efficiency can attain 23.3% in perennial ryegrass. 相似文献
36.
We report here a comparative study of the molecular conformational energy landscape generated using the mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) method, molecular dynamics (MD), and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The MOLS method, as described earlier from our laboratory, uses an experimental design technique to rapidly and exhaustively sample the low energy conformations of a molecule. MD and MC simulations have been used to perform similar tasks. In the comparison reported here, the three methods were applied to a pair of neuropeptides, namely Met- and Leu-enkephalin. A set of 1500 conformations of these enkephalins were generated using these methods with CHARMM22 force field, and the resulting samples were analyzed to determine the extent and nature of coverage of the conformational space. The results indicate that the MOLS method samples a larger number of possible conformations and identifies conformations closer to the experimental structures than the MD and MC simulations. 相似文献
37.
We consider hypothesis testing with smooth functional data byperforming pointwise tests and applying a multiple comparisonsprocedure. Methods based on general inequalities, such as Bonferronismethod, do not perform well because of the high correlationbetween observations at nearby points. We consider the multiplecomparison procedure proposed by Westfall & Young (1993)and show that it approximates a multiple comparison correctionfor a continuum of comparisons as the grid for pointwise comparisonsbecomes finer. Simulations and an application verify that thisresult applies in practical settings. 相似文献
38.
In this paper, we provide a stochastic ordering of the Studentized range statistics under a balanced one-way ANOVA model. Based on this result we show that, when restricted to the multiple comparisons with the best, the Newman-Keuls (NK) procedure strongly controls experimentwise error rate for a sequence of null hypotheses regarding the number of largest treatment means. In other words, the NK procedure provides an upper confidence bound for the number of best treatments. 相似文献
39.
以传统中医药理论为指导,运用现代科学技术,对复方胃炎宁颗粒的制备工艺进行了研究。根据处方的功能主治和药物成分的性质,采用正交试验的方法以多指标综合评分筛选出最佳制备工艺。经三批中试研究,中试产品质量符合复方胃炎宁颗粒质量标准的各项规定,其成品收率达95%。研究结果表明,该工艺连续生产的稳定性好,工艺条件合理可行,能够满足工业大生产的要求。 相似文献
40.
S. Kropf 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1988,30(4):461-470
The positive ascertainment of location differences in a multivariate comparison of two or more groups gives rise to the question for the contribution of the single variables or of subsets of variables to the multivariate difference. In this paper two methods are proposed to accomplish the original multivariate test by tests in variable subsets or in single variables using a closed test procedure and Holm's procedure, respectively. Both control the multiple level of the whole procedure. 相似文献