对6个国外城市街道规划设计导则的解析——“如何规划步行友好的城市街道开放空间？”

本文将“如何通过街道规划设计,营建步行友好的城市开放空间环境,提高居民生活质量？”作为研究视角,抽取了6个国外城市街道规划设计导则中与“如何规划设计步行友好的城市开放空间？”密切相关的内容,根据相关导则编制的逻辑将内容进行提炼、归纳和重组。针对中国通过改善街道步行环境建设高品质城市的诉求以及相关导则中缺少对使用者需求关注的现状,提出了将需求调查纳入规划规定环节、从环境特征角度出发进行街道分类与定位、关注地域特征与集约性生态设施的环境营造方法以及提升步行道功能多样性和空间相容性的建议。     

Role of energetic coenzyme pools in the production of L-carnitine by Escherichia coli

The aim of this work was to understand the steps controlling the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds into L(-)-carnitine by Escherichia coli. The high-cell density reactor steady-state levels of carbon source (glycerol), biotransformation substrate (crotonobetaine), acetate (anaerobiosis product) and fumarate (as an electron acceptor) were pulsed by increasing them fivefold. Following the pulse, the evolution of the enzyme activities involved in the biotransformation process of crotonobetaine into L(-)-carnitine (crotonobetaine hydration), in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA (ACS: acetyl-CoA synthetase and PTA: ATP: acetate phosphotransferase) and in the distribution of metabolites for the tricarboxylic acid (ICDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase) and glyoxylate (ICL: isocitrate lyase) cycles was monitored. In addition, the levels of carnitine, the cell ATP content and the NADH/NAD(+) ratio were measured in order to assess the importance and participation of these energetic coenzymes in the catabolic system. The results provided an experimental demonstration of the important role of the glyoxylate shunt during biotransformation and the need for high levels of ATP to maintain metabolite transport and biotransformation. Moreover, the results obtained for the NADH/NAD(+) pool indicated that it is correlated with the biotransformation process at the NAD(+) regeneration and ATP production level in anaerobiosis. More importantly, a linear correlation between the NADH/NAD(+) ratio and the levels of the ICDH and ICL (carbon and electron flows) and the PTA and ACS (acetate and ATP production and acetyl-CoA synthesis) activity levels was assessed. The main metabolic pathway operating during cell metabolic perturbation with a pulse of glycerol and acetate in the high-cell density membrane reactor was that related to ICDH and ICL, both regulating the carbon metabolism, together with PTA and ACS enzymes (regulating ATP production).     

实时灰阶超声造影股浅静脉瓣膜返流时间与病变严重程度的相关性探讨

目的:探讨超声造影股浅静脉瓣膜返流与病变严重程度的关系。方法:回顾性分析55例63条诊断为原发性深静脉功能不全患者的临床和超声造影资料,记录股浅静脉瓣膜返流时间和CEAP临床表现分级,并进行两者的相关性分析。结果:统计学分析表明,CEAP临床表现分级与瓣膜返流时间无相关性;但溃疡肢体组与非溃疡肢体组的股浅静脉瓣膜返流时间比较,两组有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:超声造影检查股静脉瓣膜返流时间有可能预测患肢静脉性溃疡的发生。     

综合干预对原发性骨质疏松治疗依从性及生活质量的影响

目的:探讨骨质疏松防治综合干预对特需门诊原发性骨质疏松(POP)患者治疗依从性及生活质量的影响。方法:以2010年5月~2013年5月期间四川大学华西医院国际医疗中心收治的112例POP患者为研究对象,分为干预组和对照组,在药物治疗的同时给予不同的护理措施,6个月后比较两组干预前后POP知识掌握程度(OKT评分)、疼痛(VAS评分)、骨密度(BMD)以及生活质量(OQOLS评分)改善情况;随访1年后评价两组治疗依从性以及骨折发生率。结果:经过6个月的干预,干预组OKT评分、VAS评分以及BMD和治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),和对照组比较差异也均有统计学意义(P0.001)。干预组OQOLS评分的5个维度以及生活质量总评分和干预前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),和对照组比较差异也均有统计学意义(P0.001),对照组心理维度和社会维度和干预前比较差异不大(P0.05)。两组随访1年,干预组完全依存比例明显高于对照组,不依从比例低于对照组(P0.001);干预组病理性骨折发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:对特需门诊收治的原发性骨质疏松患者在药物治疗的基础上实施综合护理干预,能够明显提高患者的治疗依从性,提高骨密度增加比例,减少疼痛,降低骨折发生率,改善患者生活质量。     

Dendrin在初级感觉神经元内的表达

Dendrin作为一类新的树突蛋白,在脑内的表达随着行为活动的改变而变化。最近本课题组采用免疫组织化学方法对dendrin在小鼠初级感觉神经元内的表达进行了研究,并进一步研究外周神经损伤后dendrin在背根神经节和脊髓背角内的表达变化。本文还就dendrin的生物学特征以及在神经系统内表达情况对其近期研究成果和未来发展趋势进行综述。     

Gene expression in Eucalyptus branch wood with marked variation in cellulose microfibril orientation and lacking G-layers

In response to gravitational stresses, angiosperm trees form tension wood in the upper sides of branches and leaning stems in which cellulose content is higher, microfibrils are typically aligned closely with the fibre axis and the fibres often have a thick inner gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer). Gene expression was studied in Eucalyptus nitens branches oriented at 45 degrees using microarrays containing 4900 xylem cDNAs, and wood fibre characteristics revealed by X-ray diffraction, chemical and histochemical methods. Xylem fibres in tension wood (upper branch) had a low microfibril angle, contained few fibres with G-layers and had higher cellulose and decreased Klason lignin compared with lower branch wood. Expression of two closely related fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and a beta-tubulin was inversely correlated with microfibril angle in upper and lower xylem from branches. Structural and chemical modifications throughout the secondary cell walls of fibres sufficient to resist tension forces in branches can occur in the absence of G-layer enriched fibres and some important genes involved in responses to gravitational stress in eucalypt xylem are identified.     

Cobblestone HUVECs: a human model system for studying primary ciliogenesis

Primary cilia are microtubule based sensory organelles that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Malfunctioning results in a number of abnormalities, diseases (ciliopathies) and certain types of cancer. Morphological and biochemical knowledge on cilia/flagella, (early) ciliogenesis and intraflagellar transport is often obtained from model systems (e.g. Chlamydomonas) or from multi ciliary cells like lung or kidney epithelium.In this study endothelial cells in isolated human umbilical veins (HUVs) and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are compared and used to study primary ciliogenesis. By combining fluorescence microscopy, SEM, 2D and 3D TEM techniques we found that under the tested culturing conditions 60% of cobblestone endothelial cells form a primary cilium. Only a few of these cilia are present (protruding) on the endothelial cell surface, meaning that most primary cilia are in the cytoplasm (non-protruding). This was also observed in situ in the endothelial cells in the umbilical vein. The exact function(s?) of these non-protruding cilia remains unclear.Ultra-structural analysis of cultured HUVECs and the endothelial layer of the human umbilical veins reveal that there are: vesicles inside the ciliary pocket during the early stages of ciliogenesis; tubules/vesicles from the cytoplasm fuse with the ciliary sheath; irregular axoneme patterns, and two round, membranous vesicles inside the basal body.We conclude that cobblestone cultured HUVECs are comparable to the in vivo epithelial lining of the umbilical veins and therefore provide a well defined, relatively simple human model system with a reproducible number of non-protruding primary cilia for studying ciliogenesis.     

Calcification process dynamics in coral primary polyps as observed using a calcein incubation method

Calcification processes are largely unknown in scleractinian corals. In this study, live confocal imaging was used to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the calcification process in aposymbiotic primary polyps of the coral species Acropora digitifera. The fluorophore calcein was used as a calcium deposition marker and a visible indicator of extracellular fluid distribution at the tissue-skeleton interface (subcalicoblastic medium, SCM) in primary polyp tissues. Under continuous incubation in calcein-containing seawater, initial crystallization and skeletal growth were visualized among the calicoblastic cells in live primary polyp tissues. Additionally, the distribution of calcein-stained SCM and contraction movements of the pockets of SCM were captured at intervals of a few minutes. Our experimental system provided several new insights into coral calcification, particularly as a first step in monitoring the relationship between cellular dynamics and calcification in vivo. Our study suggests that coral calcification initiates at intercellular spaces, a finding that may contribute to the general understanding of coral calcification processes.     

Genome-wide expression analysis of roxarsone-stimulated growth of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)

Roxarsone is a commonly used additive in chicken (Gallus gallus) industry. However, little is known on the intrinsic molecular mechanism via which the growth performance of birds improves. This study was therefore performed to investigate the expression profiles of genes induced by roxarsone. Fifty-six broiler chickens were divided into two groups, namely treated and untreated with roxarsone. The treated group was provided a diet of 45.4 mg/kg roxarsone medication and the other group acted as control. Data analysis showed that roxarsone consistently and significantly (P < 0.05) increased chicken growth performance. In addition to this a significant (P < 0.05) increase of arsenic residue in liver has been seen. Microarray expression analysis of 8935 genes in liver showed that 22 genes (10 up- and 12 down-regulated) had altered expression throughout the experimental periods. Two novel genes (GenBank accession no. GU724343 and GU724344) were cloned through rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Gene GU724343 was predicted to encode an unidentified protein and the second gene GU724344 was presumed to encode a new member of immunoglobulin-like receptor (CHIR) family. Our results suggested for the first time that the role of roxarsone could be mainly to modify the expression levels of cell growth, immunity/defense and energy metabolism associated genes, as a result promoting animal growth. Further research on these genes should help to increase the knowledge of improving animal productivity safely and effectively.