全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6333篇 |
免费 | 468篇 |
国内免费 | 435篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 23篇 |
2023年 | 96篇 |
2022年 | 153篇 |
2021年 | 236篇 |
2020年 | 230篇 |
2019年 | 249篇 |
2018年 | 206篇 |
2017年 | 192篇 |
2016年 | 219篇 |
2015年 | 212篇 |
2014年 | 234篇 |
2013年 | 345篇 |
2012年 | 220篇 |
2011年 | 237篇 |
2010年 | 205篇 |
2009年 | 289篇 |
2008年 | 320篇 |
2007年 | 357篇 |
2006年 | 288篇 |
2005年 | 271篇 |
2004年 | 213篇 |
2003年 | 213篇 |
2002年 | 216篇 |
2001年 | 151篇 |
2000年 | 142篇 |
1999年 | 134篇 |
1998年 | 142篇 |
1997年 | 143篇 |
1996年 | 145篇 |
1995年 | 113篇 |
1994年 | 118篇 |
1993年 | 97篇 |
1992年 | 97篇 |
1991年 | 112篇 |
1990年 | 74篇 |
1989年 | 88篇 |
1988年 | 53篇 |
1987年 | 52篇 |
1986年 | 59篇 |
1985年 | 56篇 |
1984年 | 44篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1982年 | 46篇 |
1981年 | 26篇 |
1980年 | 29篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有7236条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
81.
Eckhard W. Heymann 《International journal of primatology》1990,11(4):327-337
During a field study in northeastern Peru, the reactions of a group ofSaguinus mystax on Padre Isla and of a mixed-species troop ofS. mystax andSaguinus fuscicollis at the Río Blanco to raptorial and other birds were observed. Alarms that are specific to flying stimuli were elicited by birds of prey, but other birds that do not represent a threat to the tamarins also caused alarm calls. Alarm events (i.e., instances when one or more alarm calls were given) were observed at rates of 0.3/hr (Padre Isla) and 0.5/hr (Río Blanco). Rates of alarm events significantly increased after the birth of an infant in the Padre Isla group and after the attack of an ornate hawk-eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) on the Río Blanco group. Reactions to alarming stimuli/alarm calls ranged from looking up to falling down from trees. The modification of the tamarins' behavior by the potential presence of aerial predators indicates that raptors represent an important predatory threat to tamarins. 相似文献
82.
Using data for 27 Texas counties from 1978-1987, it is shown that the incidence rates of suicide, homicide, and rape are significantly higher in counties whose drinking water supplies contain little or no lithium than in counties with water lithium levels ranging from 70-170 micrograms/L; the differences remain statistically significant (p less than 0.01) after corrections for population density. The corresponding associations with the incidence rates of robbery, burglary, and theft were statistically significant with p less than 0.05. These results suggest that lithium has moderating effects on suicidal and violent criminal behavior at levels that may be encountered in municipal water supplies. Comparisons of drinking water lithium levels, in the respective Texas counties, with the incidences of arrests for possession of opium, cocaine, and their derivatives (morphine, heroin, and codeine) from 1981-1986 also produced statistically significant inverse associations, whereas no significant or consistent associations were observed with the reported arrest rates for possession of marijuana, driving under the influence of alcohol, and drunkenness. These results suggest that lithium at low dosage levels has a generally beneficial effect on human behavior, which may be associated with the functions of lithium as a nutritionally-essential trace element. Subject to confirmation by controlled experiments with high-risk populations, increasing the human lithium intakes by supplementation, or the lithiation of drinking water is suggested as a possible means of crime, suicide, and drug-dependency reduction at the individual and community level. 相似文献
83.
John C. Mitani 《International journal of primatology》1990,11(5):411-424
Demographic processes and the structure of a population of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were investigated over 6 years in the Gunung Palung Reserve, Indonesia. Estimates of population size, density, and biomass revealed a population whose groups were stable in size and composition. Demographic processes place gibbons at risk, however, to short-term changes in their environment. Patterns of survival, fecundity, mortality, and dispersal combined to produce negative rates of growth. In addition, a top-heavy age-class distribution, with adults forming a large fraction of animals, makes it unlikely that this population could recover rapidly from a decline in numbers. Two behavioral factors, territoriality and monogamy, account for the size and stability of gibbon groups. Monogamy imposes limits on group size, while mating patterns and territoriality decrease the impact of sources of high mortality common in other primate species. These relationships underscore the fundamental importance of behavioral influence on demographic processes and social structure. 相似文献
84.
中国蝾螈科动物的反捕行为(正文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国的蝾螈科(Family Salamandridae)动物演化出了卓越的,多种多样的特征,而这些特征往往伴随着强烈的皮肤毒腺存在来保护自己免受捕食者的侵害。这些反捕食行为机制分布列入表1,并以照片解释其反捕行为,来用于已创建的定义和术语是非常重要的。这些定义和术语与不同反捕行为是密切相关的。该科中大多数蝾螈都有鲜艳的腹部色型,有皮肤分泌物毒素存在以警告捕食者。有的蝾螈,象兰尾蝾螈Cynops cyanura和中国瘰螈Paramesotriton chinensis甚至向上翻转显示腹部颜色。 相似文献
85.
Effect of CryIC toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis on larval feeding behavior of Spodoptera exigua 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mariano Berdegué John T. Trumble William J. Moar 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1996,80(2):389-401
The lack of data on the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) toxins on larval feeding behavior of the pest Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Amphypyrini) prompted us to investigate the effect of three delivery systems of CryIC, a commercial formulation, inclusion bodies, and the activated CryIC toxin. The commercial formulation was the least and CryIC toxin the most lethal form to neonates of susceptible colonies. All but two of the treatments in choice tests with neonates and third instars showed significant avoidance of B.t. treated diet, with greater proportion of larvae from susceptible (UCR-S and AUBURN-S) and resistant (AUBURN-R) colonies on untreated diet than on diet treated with any of the CryIC forms and concentrations tested. Furthermore, third instars consumed significantly more control than treated diet for all CryIC forms, colonies and concentrations. The avoidance of CryIC toxin by neonates and third instars strongly suggests that CryIC, which also is present in the commercial formulation and in the inclusion bodies, is responsible for eliciting avoidance behavior by S. exigua larvae. Behavioral observations of third instars in a no-choice test on either treated or control diet indicated that questing behavior in susceptible larvae appears to be positively related with presence of CryIC toxin in the diet. Furthermore, resistant third instars were on the whole more active than susceptible thirds on both treated and control diet. Resistant thirds raised on CryIC treated diet (AUBURN-RC) spent more time eating treated diet than resistant larvae raised on control diet (AUBURN-R), suggesting that diet conditioning plays an important role on feeding behavior of S. exigua. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
86.
Luc De Meester 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1996,50(3):1293-1298
The frequent use of neutral markers to quantify genetic variation in natural populations emphasizes the role of stochastic events in explaining genetic differentiation between populations. Complementary studies on ecologically relevant traits are needed to assess the role of natural selection acting on adaptive variation in the development of local genetic differentiation. To test the hypothesis of local adaptation in the cyclical parthenogenetic species Daphnia magna, the phototactic behavior in the absence and presence of fish kairomone was assayed for 30 clones derived from resting eggs isolated from three habitats characterized by a different predation pressure by fish. Clones derived from populations in which fish are present were, on average, more negatively phototactic in and more responsive to the presence of fish kairomone than clones derived from a fishless habitat. In addition, the results show a high genetic diversity for the traits studied in all three gene pools investigated, indicating a high potential for microevolutionary changes in behavior of these Daphnia populations in the face of changes in predation pressure. The results of the present study indicate that working with large samples at the expense of having less precise estimates of genotypic values for specific genotypes may result in a loss of information with regard to the evolutionary potential of local populations. 相似文献
87.
Synopsis An annual spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper,Epinephelus striatus, observed off the southern coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico, on full moon days in December and January, was surveyed during the winters from 1991 to 1993. A fish aggregation had been appearing at one traditional site off Mahahual for more than 80 years, but currently it forms at undetermined sites far from the original site. Fish migration was northwards in the fore reef border along the 14 m isobath and isolated groups were observed. Through visual assessment fish aggregations were found to include 200 to 500 individuals. The fishing on Nassau grouper aggregations has been active since 1910 by using hook and line; however, recently fishermen used gill nets. It is necessary to continue the research on this aggregation and establish management guidelines to protect the species. 相似文献
88.
Lisa Gould 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(3):331-347
I examined the vigilance behavior of adult males and females in two groups of ring-tailed lemurs(Lemur catta)during the birth and lactation season at the Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, southwestern Madagascar. I found no sex difference with
respect to the rates of overall vigilance, rates of vigilance toward a potential predator or unfamiliar sound, or rates of
vigilance toward conspecifics from other social groups, nor were there sex differences in the percentage of time spent vigilant
in any of the above categories. Higher-ranking females were vigilant significantly more often toward predators or potential
predators than lower-ranking females were. I detected no relationship between vigilance behavior and dominance rank among
adult males. The alpha female in each group exhibited significantly more vigilance behavior than all other members of her
group. It was predicted that males should exhibit more vigilance behavior than females do, particularly during the birth and
lactation season, when predator pressure is high, if they are benefiting females in this respect. I discuss the results in
the context of this prediction and in terms of how ring-tailed lemur males benefit females, and why they may be tolerated
in social groups. 相似文献
89.
Observations of the potto (Perodicticus potto),a nocturnal prosimian primate,indicated a limited behavioral repertoire and prompted renovation of their exhibit at the Frankin Park Zoo (Boston, MA). We
used the natural history of this species to direct the exhibit modifications, which used only nonsynthetic items. We added
live plants, soil, bamboo, shelf fungi, grapevines, a hollow tree, and a log containing an insect dispenser to the exhibit
at little expense. They provided new textures, odors, pathways, stimulation and cover for this secretive species. The changes
produced a heightened aesthetic appeal to the nocturnal exhibit and improved its educational value by representing the animals’
habitat more accurately. The exhibit modifications also resulted in a significant increase in activity, an expansion of the
pottos’ behavioral repertoire,the emergence of sexual behaviors, and an increased visibility to the public. 相似文献
90.
Mike H. Jurke 《Primates; journal of primatology》1996,37(1):109-119
The fate of most nonhuman primate species is intimately related to man. The increasing encroachment on the natural habitat
has resulted in the decimation and even near extinction of some species. Along with this development, the basic concept in
many modern zoos has changed from one of merely display to self-perpetuating units. Primate research facilities are orienting
their research programs towards reproductive physiology and behavior in an effort to provide basic knowledge of reproduction
in these species. This increased emphasis in the area of reproductive biology and the various efforts to improve breeding
of these mostly endangered primates in captivity has stimulated the author to write this review. It represents an attempt
to provide the reader with basic background information relating to the endocrinology and behavior of reproduction in the
clawed New World monkeys as it exists at the time of publication.
The intermediate evolutionary position ofCallimico goeldii between the clawed New World monkeys and the ‘true New World monkeys’ and our relatively poor knowledge about reproduction
and behavior in this particular species fully justifies the focus on Goeldi’s monkey in this essay. This review is an attempt
to provide a brief history of previous studies but also the basis for research in the future. The current status of knowledge
of the small-bodied clawed monkeys is also discussed in an evolutionary context, with an emphasis on the different reproductive
strategies in this dynamic group of primates.
The outcome, not surprisingly, confirms the unique position ofCallimico goeldii in its social, ecological, and evolutionary environment. 相似文献