Production of Manoalide and Its Analogues by the Sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffariella variabilis</Emphasis> Is Hardwired

The Great Barrier Reef sponge Luffariella variabilis (Poléjaeff 1884) produces a range of potent anti-inflammatory compounds as its major metabolites. These major metabolites—manoalide monoacetate, manoalide, luffariellin A and seco-manoalide—were monitored temporally and spatially to quantify the potential yield from wild harvest or aquaculture. Production of the major metabolites was hardwired at the population level with little variation in space and time over meters to tens of kilometers in the Palm Islands, Queensland, Australia. Manoalide monoacetate (35 to 70 mg g⁻¹ dry weight of sponge) was consistently the most abundant compound followed by manoalide (15 to 20 mg g⁻¹ dry weight). Luffariellin A and seco-manoalide were 10 to 70 times less abundant and varied between 0 and 3 mg g⁻¹ dry weight. On a larger spatial scale, L. variabilis from Davies Reef and Magnetic Island contained the same rank order and yields of compounds as the Palm Islands, indicating a generality of pattern over at least 100 km. The “hardwiring” of metabolite production at the population level by L. variabilis was also reflected in the lack of any inductive effect on metabolite production. In addition, individually monitored sponges produced fixed ratios of the major metabolites over time (years). However, these ratios varied between individuals, with some individuals consistently producing high levels of manoalide and manoalide monoacetate, providing the potential for selection of high-yielding stocks.     

半自然条件下麋鹿的生长发育与繁殖习性

在大丰保护区的半自然条件下,麋鹿新产仔鹿性二型差异大于圈养条件下的仔鹿;１龄幼鹿第１年生长发育迅速,其后足长已基本达成体后足长;４岁时后足长即已显著大于引进的成体鹿。大丰雌性麋鹿３岁开始产仔,比圈养条件下晚１年,４岁时体重方达成体重。雄性５岁后方能达成体重并才有机会获得交配权．发情期主要集中于６月上、中旬,产仔期主要集中于３月中、下旬,产仔半数时间为３月２７日,产仔期比圈养麋鹿更趋集中。仔鹿产后１～３天为“印记”的敏感期,１周龄后即开始随群活动并有觅食行为。     

新型抗除草剂棉花不育系Yu98-8A1的培育及鉴定

通过连续回交,将抗除草剂基因EPSPS-G6转育花粉败育彻底（无微量花粉,不育度达100%）的棉花单基因隐性控制的核不育系Yu98-8A,进而培育成抗除草剂核不育系Yu98-8A1。对该转育不育系花冠表型测量观察表明,与同质系正常可育株比较,不育株花冠较小, 不育株子房直径略大于可育株,花柱长和花柱外露长度均明显高于同质系正常可育株,花柱头外露为其最显著的表型特征;显微观察显示,不育系Yu98-8A1小孢子败育主要是在四分体形成后的小孢子发育期。小孢子败育特征表现为花粉粒无内含物、无刺突产生,最后解体、退化。PCR分子鉴定表明,抗除草剂基因EPSPS-G6转育入Yu98-8A1,除草剂抗性试验表明,该转育不育系可抗质量百分比浓度达0.3%的草甘膦。该抗除草剂核不育系的培育在棉花杂种优势利用方面有重大利用价值。     

中国灵芝科真菌资源与分布

中国灵芝科资源十分丰富。许多种类具有重要的经济价值。现在已知灵芝种类有88种。本文概述了灵芝对国民经济的重要性,中国古籍中有关灵芝的记载,灵芝的化学成分与制剂,灵芝的临床应用,灵芝的人工培养,灵芝的生态习性与分布。     

Physiology of pepper fruit and the metabolism of antioxidants: chloroplasts,mitochondria and peroxisomes

Background and Aims Pepper (Capsicum annuum) contains high levels of antioxidants, such as vitamins A and C and flavonoids. However, information on the role of these beneficial compounds in the physiology of pepper fruit remains scarce. Recent studies have shown that antioxidants in ripe pepper fruit play a key role in responses to temperature changes, and the redox state at the time of harvest affects the nutritional value for human consumption. In this paper, the role of antioxidant metabolism of pepper fruit during ripening and in the response to low temperature is addressed, paying particular attention to ascorbate, NADPH and the superoxide dismutase enzymatic system. The participation of chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes in the ripening process is also investigated.Scope and Results Important changes occur at a subcellular level during ripening of pepper fruit. Chloroplasts turn into chromoplasts, with drastic conversion of their metabolism, and the role of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle is essential. In mitochondria from red fruits, higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Mn-SOD activities are involved in avoiding the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in these organelles during ripening. Peroxisomes, whose antioxidant capacity at fruit ripening is substantially affected, display an atypical metabolic pattern during this physiological stage. In spite of these differences observed in the antioxidative metabolism of mitochondria and peroxisomes, proteomic analysis of these organelles, carried out by 2-D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF and provided here for the first time, reveals no changes between the antioxidant metabolism from immature (green) and ripe (red) fruits.Conclusions Taken together, the results show that investigation of molecular and enzymatic antioxidants from cell compartments, especially chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes, is a useful tool to study the physiology of pepper fruit, particularly in the context of expanding their shelf-life after harvest and in maintaining their nutritional value.     

分批发酵生产谷氨酰胺转氨酶的温度控制策略

微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶 (Ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌｔｒａｎｓｇｌｕｔａｍｉｎａｓｅ ,简称ＭＴＧ ,ＥＣ2 3 2 13)由于能催化许多食品中蛋白质的交联反应 ,改善各种蛋白质的功能性质 ,在食品工业具有广泛的应用潜力[1] ,因而引起了人们的极大兴趣。谷氨酰胺转氨酶的生产通常采用从豚鼠肝脏或组织中提取 ,由于豚鼠肝脏或组织来源稀少 ,谷氨酰胺转胺酶的分离纯化过程复杂 ,因而价格昂贵。 2 0世纪 80年代末 ,Ａｎｄｏ和Ｍｏｔｏｋｉ等人[2 ,3 ] 首先报道了利用微生物发酵法生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的结果 ;近年来 ,Ｇｅｒｂｅｒ等人[4 ] 对其下游技术进…     

Projecting future grassland productivity to assess the sustainability of potential biofuel feedstock areas in the Greater Platte River Basin

This study projects future (e.g., 2050 and 2099) grassland productivities in the Greater Platte River Basin (GPRB) using ecosystem performance (EP, a surrogate for measuring ecosystem productivity) models and future climate projections. The EP models developed from a previous study were based on the satellite vegetation index, site geophysical and biophysical features, and weather and climate drivers. The future climate data used in this study were derived from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model 3.0 ‘SRES A1B’ (a ‘middle’ emissions path). The main objective of this study is to assess the future sustainability of the potential biofuel feedstock areas identified in a previous study. Results show that the potential biofuel feedstock areas (the more mesic eastern part of the GPRB) will remain productive (i.e., aboveground grassland biomass productivity >2750 kg ha^?1 year^?1) with a slight increasing trend in the future. The spatially averaged EPs for these areas are 3519, 3432, 3557, 3605, 3752, and 3583 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for current site potential (2000–2008 average), 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2099, respectively. Therefore, the identified potential biofuel feedstock areas will likely continue to be sustainable for future biofuel development. On the other hand, grasslands identified as having no biofuel potential in the drier western part of the GPRB would be expected to stay unproductive in the future (spatially averaged EPs are 1822, 1691, 1896, 2306, 1994, and 2169 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for site potential, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2099). These areas should continue to be unsuitable for biofuel feedstock development in the future. These future grassland productivity estimation maps can help land managers to understand and adapt to the expected changes in future EP in the GPRB and to assess the future sustainability and feasibility of potential biofuel feedstock areas.     

History of gene therapy

Two decades after the initial gene therapy trials and more than 1700 approved clinical trials worldwide we not only have gained much new information and knowledge regarding gene therapy in general, but also learned to understand the concern that has persisted in society. Despite the setbacks gene therapy has faced, success stories have increasingly emerged. Examples for these are the positive recommendation for a gene therapy product (Glybera) by the EMA for approval in the European Union and the positive trials for the treatment of ADA deficiency, SCID-X1 and adrenoleukodystrophy. Nevertheless, our knowledge continues to grow and during the course of time more safety data has become available that helps us to develop better gene therapy approaches. Also, with the increased understanding of molecular medicine, we have been able to develop more specific and efficient gene transfer vectors which are now producing clinical results.     

飞机草挥发油对真菌和昆虫的生物活性及其化学成分研究

研究结果表明 :飞机草挥发油在中等浓度 (80 0mg·l-1)时 ,对水稻稻瘟病菌 (Pryiculariagrisea)的抑制作用最强 ,对长春花疫病菌 (Phytophthoranicotianae)的抑制作用次之 ,对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum)的抑制作用最弱 ,其抑菌率分别为 6 1.4 0 %、2 9.2 7%和 14 .4 4 %。用 10～ 2 0 μl·株 -1的飞机草挥发油 ,对小菜蛾 (Plutellaxylostella)和黄曲条跳甲 (Phyllotretastriolata)有显著的驱避产卵作用。用GC/MS详细分析了飞机草挥发油的化学成分 ,共鉴定了 33个化合物。主要成分是萜类化合物 ,如反式 石竹烯 (16 5 8% )、δ 杜松烯 (15 .85 % )、α 可巴烯 (11.5 8% )、氧化石竹烯 (9.6 3% )、大根香叶烯 (4.96 % )和α 律草烯 (4.32 % )。