Theoretical and experimental evaluation of the effects of an argon gas mixture on the pressure drop through adult tracheobronchial airway replicas

Argon has the potential to be a novel inhaled therapeutic agent, owing to the neuroprotective and organoprotective properties demonstrated in preclinical studies. Before human trials are performed, an understanding of varying gas properties on airway resistance during inhalation is essential. This study predicts the effect of an 80% argon/20% oxygen gas mixture on the pressure drop through conducting airways, and by extension the airway resistance, and then verifies these predictions experimentally using 3-D printed adult tracheobronchial airway replicas.The predicted pressure drop was calculated using established analytical models of airway resistance, incorporating the change in viscosity and density of the 80% argon/20% oxygen mixture versus that of air. Predicted pressure drop for the argon mixture increased by approximately 29% compared to that for air. The experimental results were consistent with this prediction for inspiratory flows ranging from 15 to 90 slpm. These results indicate that established analytical models may be used to predict increases in conducting airway resistance for argon/oxygen mixtures, compared with air. Such predictions are valuable in predicting average patient response to breathing argon/oxygen mixtures, and in selecting or designing delivery systems for use in administration of argon/oxygen mixtures to critically ill or injured patients.     

呼气末正压滴定方式对急性呼吸窘迫综合征伴腹腔高压患者呼吸功能的影响研究

目的:观察呼吸末正压(Positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)不同滴定方法对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)伴腹腔高压(Intra abdominal hypertension,IHA)患者呼吸功能的影响,为ARDS伴IHA患者临床治疗呼气末正压滴定方案选择提供参考。方法:选择2015年1月-2016年1月我院ICU接受治疗的64例ARDS合并IHA患者,所有患者均性机械通气治疗,对患者的呼气末正压进行控制,按照PEEP滴定方式的不同将其分为两组,跨肺压牵张指数导向滴定组32例设为A组,肺静态压力-容积(P-V)曲线低位转折点压力导向滴定组32例设为B组。比较两组患者PEEP滴定前、PEEP滴定1d后的呼吸功能相关指标(p H值、氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、潮气量(vt)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)、呼气末正压(PEEPtot)、肺静态顺应性(Cst),比较不同PEEP导向滴定对ARDS合并IHA患者呼吸功能的影响。结果:两组患者PEEP滴定前p H值、PaO_2、PaCO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2、vt、Ppeak、Pplat、PEEPtot、Cst比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者PEEP滴定后1d p H值、PaO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2、vt、Cst较PEEP前明显升高(P0.05),PaCO_2、Ppeak、Pplat、PEEPtot较PEEP前明显降低(P0.05)。但A组患者滴定后1d Cst、vt、PaO_2/FiO_2明显高于B组患者(P0.05),组间其它指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者中Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级腹腔压力患者的Cst、vt、PaO_2/FiO_2改善幅度明显高于B组患者Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级腹腔压力患者(P0.05)。结论:跨肺压排除了胸壁顺应性的影响,对腹腔高压患者胸壁弹性阻力明显增加的情况下,指导PEEP滴定对Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级腹高压ARDS患者的呼吸功能改善效果更优,跨肺压导向PEEP滴定是治疗ARDS合并IHA患者更适合且有效的手段。     

Genetic variants associated with primary open angle glaucoma in Indian population

Glaucoma is a very common disorder of the eye wherein the disturbance of the structural or functional integrity of the optic nerve causes characteristic atrophic changes in the optic nerve, which may lead to specific visual field defects over time. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is most frequent among the three principle glaucoma subtypes. With well-established role of genes like Myocilin (MYOC), Optineurin (OPTN) and WD repeat Domain 36, (WDR36), at least 29 genetic loci have been found till date to be linked to POAG. Moreover, association studies have found 66 loci with 76 genes associated to POAG till date with conflicting results. This particular study is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the change in glaucoma prevalence worldwide and in India from 1993 onwards and compiles all the studied genes that are involved in POAG pathogenesis in Indian population.     

The CARLIT method for the assessment of the ecological quality of European Mediterranean waters: Relevance,robustness and possible improvements

The application of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the assessment of the ecological status (ES) of coastal waters in order to detect environmental changes and implement management plans to prevent their further deterioration. The ES of a water body (WB) has to be assessed on the basis of the status of several biological indicators, referred to as biological quality elements (BQE), such as phytoplankton, macroalgae, seagrasses, macroinvertebrates and fish. We present the most extensive assessment ever undertaken of the ES of Mediterranean waters, by means of the CARLIT index, the most widely used index for the Mediterranean Sea. This index is based on the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR) between a measured value of Ecological Quality (EQ) and a value corresponding to a reference site. This assessment is based on an extensive field study, covering the whole of the Mediterranean French coasts (including Corsica), 40 WBs and ∼2 970 kilometres of shore (at a 1/2 500 scale). The original Ballesteros CARLIT method is compared to the Nikolić modified method, and we have undertaken the challenge of developing an alternative new simplified CARLIT method. This simplified method, which requires less expert judgement, is easier to implement by local authorities, and provides results similar overall to those of the original method. Previous attempts, if any, to correlate EQRs with anthropogenic stressors (through pressure indices) were mainly based upon land uses or on comprehensive lists of stressors, some spatially very sporadic, temporally highly variable, non-representative of the WB and with the impact poorly established on species and communities. To date, the LUSI (Land Uses Simplified Index) and the MA-LUSI-WB have been the most widely used pressure indices. Here, we propose a new pressure index (HAPI) taking into consideration the possible shortcomings of previous indices. It takes into account the actual pressures at community levels considered by the CARLIT method. It accounts well for the EQR values of the study area, as evidenced by the high correlation coefficient between EQRs and HAPI, better than that of the other pressure indices. The present study provides a comprehensive view of the ES of the French Mediterranean coasts. Surprisingly, the picture is far less cause for concern than expected, although this could result from an artefact due to the focus on superficial waters and habitats inherent to the CARLIT method. Where two successive assessments were performed (23 WBs, 2007–2010 vs 2012–2015), the results were similar, which stresses the robustness of the method and/or the relative stability over time of the overall ES of the WBs, and suggests that the successive assessments could be carried out at low frequency.     

老年人脑卒中患病率与脉压水平相关性研究

目的 :探讨老年人的脉压 (PP)变化特点及与脑卒中患病率的关系。方法 :对 385 0名老年人集中体检 ,将PP分为四个层次 ,分别为≤ 60mmHg ,60～ 80mmHg ,80～ 1 0 0mmHg和 >1 0 0mmHg。分析各组血压指标特点及与脑卒中事件的关系。结果 :随着SBP的增加 ,PP相应增加 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。脑卒中患病率的增加与PP水平的提高有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :PP反映了老年人的血压变化特点 ,并与脑卒中事件有关     

高压生物科学与技术研究进展

压力生物科学是一个新兴学科,它由纯应用型技术研究拓展到生物化学、细胞生物学和分子生物学等基础生物学科的相关领域。压力作为重要的热力学参数,会影响蛋白质的结构与功能、细胞代谢、基因表达等生物过程,运用科学的方法和手段研究压力生物效应可以更好地认识许多生命现象。     

大豆卵磷脂的提纯研究

本研究采用简便有效的方法来提纯大豆卵磷脂,产品纯度达到了90％以上。(1)用无机盐沉淀法提取卵磷脂,产品纯度达到82％,并除去主要杂质;(2)用柱层析法精制卵磷脂,纯度91％;(3)纯度鉴定用HPLC法。     

Cross-education effect of vibration foam rolling on eccentrically damaged muscles

Objectives:Previous studies showed that vibration foam rolling (VFR) on damaged muscles improves muscle soreness and range of motion (ROM). VFR intervention can also increase the ROM and pain pressure threshold (PPT) in the non-rolling side, known as a cross-education effect. However, this is not clear for the non-rolling side. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cross-education effects of VFR intervention on ROM, muscle soreness, and PPT in eccentrically damaged muscles.Methods:Participants were sedentary healthy male volunteers (n=14, 21.4±0.7 y) who performed eccentric exercise of the knee extensors with the dominant leg and received 90-s VFR intervention of the quadriceps at the nondamaged side 48 h after the eccentric exercise. The dependent variables were measured before the exercise (baseline), before (preintervention), and after VFR intervention (postintervention) 48 h after the eccentric exercise. The Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the differences between baseline, preintervention, and postintervention.Results:Results showed that the VFR intervention on the nondamaged side 48 h after the eccentric exercise improved significantly (p<0.05) the knee flexion ROM, muscle soreness at palpation, and PPT compared to baseline.Conclusion:VFR intervention on the nondamaged side can recover ROM and muscle soreness in eccentrically damaged muscles.     

血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房患者压力性损伤的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清白蛋白（Alb）、肌红蛋白（Mb）及改良早期预警评分（MEWS）、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房（ICU）患者压力性损伤（PI）的预测价值。方法：选取2021年6月～2022年12月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院ICU住院的患者120例,根据是否发生PI分为PI组43例和非PI组77例。ICU患者PI的影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对ICU患者PI的预测价值采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析。结果：PI组年龄大于非PI组,机械通气比例、体温、Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分高于非PI组,住院时间长于非PI组,Alb低于非PI组（P＜0.05）。住院时间延长和Mb升高、MEWS增加、Waterlow评分增加为ICU患者PI的独立危险因素,Alb升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分四项联合预测ICU患者PI的曲线下面积大于各指标预测（P＜0.05）。结论：血清Alb水平降低和Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分升高与ICU患者PI发生独立相关,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分联合对ICU患者PI具有良好预测价值。     

Quantification of deep and superficial sensibility in saline-induced muscle pain-a psychophysical study

The aim of the present study was to study the sensibility in the area of saline-induced muscle pain. In three experiments, ten subjects were exposed to computer-controlled infusion of 0.5 ml isotonic (0.9%) or hypertonic (9%) saline into the anterior tibial muscle. The pain intensity was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The pain threshold (PT) to pressure and electrical stimulation in muscle and subcutaneous tissues was determined. Three experiments were performed in which infusion of hypertonic saline produced significantly higher VAS scores than isotonic saline. In all three experiments, there was no significant difference in PT obtained after infusion of isotonic saline compared with infusion of hypertonic saline. In experiment 1, the PT was determined at the infusion site and 4 cm from the infusion site. At the infusion site, the pressure PT decreased (- 19 2%) 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min after infusion of isotonic and hypertonic saline, but remained unchanged 4 cm from the infusion site. The intramuscular electrical PT at the infusion site and 4 cm from the infusion site increased significantly (29 6%) 5, 7 and 9 min after saline infusion. In experiment 2, the pressure PT and the intramuscular electrical PT were recorded after two infusions of saline separated by 1 day. The day after the first infusion, the pressure PT was decreased compared with the PT before the first infusion, but the electrical PT was not affected. Moreover, the hypertonic saline infusion given on the second day produced significantly higher (130 50%) VAS scores than the infusion given on the first day. In experiment 3, the PT was determined in the subcutaneous tissue, but no significant effects of saline infusion were found. The present placebo-controlled experiments failed to show muscular or subcutaneous hyperalgesia after saline-induced muscle pain per se.