Weather-induced changes in moth activity bias measurement of long-term population dynamics from light trap samples

Interpretation of light trap catches of moths is complicated by daily variation in weather that alters flight activity and numbers caught. Light trap efficiency is also modified by wind and fog, and daily weather may effect absolute abundance (numbers actually present). However, actograph experiments and other sampling methods suggest that changes in daily activity are large by comparison to changes in absolute abundance. Daily variation in weather (other than wind and fog) is therefore a form of sampling error in absolute abundance estimates. We investigated the extent of this sampling bias in 26 years of population dynamics from 133 moth species. In a subset of 20 noctuid and geometrid species, daily numbers caught were positively correlated with temperature in 14 species, and negatively correlated with rainfall in 11 species. The strength of correlations varied between species, making it difficult to standardize catches to constant conditions. We overcame this by establishing how weather variation changed with time and duration of the flight period. Species flying later in the summer and for shorter periods experienced more variable temperatures, making sampling error greater for these species. Of the 133 moth species, those with shorter flight periods had greater population variability and more showed significant temporal density dependence. However, these effects were weak, which is encouraging because it suggests that population analyses of light trap data largely reflect factors other than sampling error.     

高寒草甸植物群落中物种多样性与群落变异性的关系及其机制初探

通过对高寒草甸植物群落中采集的群落数据进行分析,探讨了物种构成的相似性、统计平均、种群变异性和净协方差等机制对形成高寒草甸植物群落中多样性与群落地上生物量变异性之间关系的影响。结果表明,地上生物量的年际变异性随着多样性的增加而减小。物种构成相似性是多样性一变异性负关系产生的原因之一,而相似性与多样性之间并无显著相关关系;统计平均效应是另一个多样性一变异性负关系的主要决定者;净协方差效应、种群变异性对多样性一变异性关系产生的影响不显著或非常有限。     

黑河下游地下水波动带地下水与植被动态耦合模拟

采用对数正态分布模型,基于2006年黑河下游的野外实测数据,建立了研究区胡杨和柽柳植被盖度与地下水埋深的模型,并模拟了研究区的潜在植被.结果表明：黑河下游胡杨的最适宜地下水位和平均地下水位分别为2.6和3.6 m,柽柳则分别为2.0和3.0 m;胡杨的高盖度分布区主要集中在河道两侧的区域,而柽柳则可以在研究区的大部分区域以较高的盖度生存,对于研究区当前的地下水埋深而言,柽柳应该是最适宜生存的物种之一;研究区胡杨和柽柳的潜在植被空间分布与现状分布的相似性分别为43.4%和55.6%,导致相似程度不高的主要原因为土壤中存在的石膏盐盘层阻碍了土壤水分的垂直运动.     

中国大豆疫霉菌遗传多样性的RAPD分析*

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,利用13个引物对75个中国大豆疫霉菌分离物和11个美国分离物进行PCR扩增。在78个RAPD标记中,多态性标记为68个,占87.2%。RAPD指纹聚类分析表明,当以相异距离0.3为阈值,86个分离物被划为12个RAPD遗传组,其中J组有54个分离物,占总数的62.8%,包括44个中国分离物和10个美国分离物。在中国大豆疫霉菌群体内,多数分离物之间遗传相似性较低,在DNA水平上存在显著的遗传变异,具有较丰富的遗传多样性。RAPD分组结果未表明大豆疫霉菌DNA多态性特征与病原菌毒力基因构成之间和分离物地理来源之间存在相关性,证明中国不同地区的大豆疫霉菌群体在与大豆品种的互作中发生了广泛的遗传变异,具有DNA遗传进化方向和毒力基因演变的多样性。美国大豆疫霉菌分离物间遗传距离较近,而中国分离物在总体上与美国分离物的遗传距离较远,表明中国大豆疫霉菌具有比较独特的遗传背景。     

Characterization of a hypervariable region in the genome of Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila pneumoniae displays surprisingly little genomic variation, as seen by comparisons of the published genomes from three different isolates and sequencing of four different genes from different isolates. We have in the present study, however, demonstrated genomic variation between 10 C. pneumoniae isolates in the 11690-bp region between the two outer membrane protein genes pmp1 and pmp2. This region of the C. pneumoniae CWL-029 isolate contains seven C. pneumoniae-specific open reading frames (hb1-7, encoding hydrophobic beta-sheet-containing proteins). We identified additionally 12 open reading frames in the C. pneumoniae CWL-029 genome encoding hypothetical proteins with similarity to the seven hypothetical Hb-proteins. Compared to other isolates, genomic variation is seen to cause frame-shifting of three of the 19 hb-open reading frames, which are proposed to be three full-length genes and eight frame-shifted pseudogenes. The hypothetical proteins encoded by these proposed genes contain an N-terminally located highly hydrophobic stretch of 50-60 residues. A similar motif is found in all identified Chlamydia inclusion membrane proteins and therefore the Hb-proteins are candidate inclusion proteins.     

Beyond trophic morphology: stable isotopes reveal ubiquitous versatility in marine turtle trophic ecology

The idea that interspecific variation in trophic morphology among closely related species effectively permits resource partitioning has driven research on ecological radiation since Darwin first described variation in beak morphology among Geospiza. Marine turtles comprise an ecological radiation in which interspecific differences in trophic morphology have similarly been implicated as a pathway to ecopartition the marine realm, in both extant and extinct species. Because marine turtles are charismatic flagship species of conservation concern, their trophic ecology has been studied intensively using stable isotope analyses to gain insights into habitat use and diet, principally to inform conservation management. This legion of studies provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine ecological partitioning across numerous hierarchical levels that heretofore has not been applied to any other ecological radiation. Our contribution aims to provide a quantitative analysis of interspecific variation and a comprehensive review of intraspecific variation in trophic ecology across different hierarchical levels marshalling insights about realised trophic ecology derived from stable isotopes. We reviewed 113 stable isotope studies, mostly involving single species, and conducted a meta‐analysis of data from adults to elucidate differences in trophic ecology among species. Our study reveals a more intricate hierarchy of ecopartitioning by marine turtles than previously recognised based on trophic morphology and dietary analyses. We found strong statistical support for interspecific partitioning, as well as a continuum of intraspecific trophic sub‐specialisation in most species across several hierarchical levels. This ubiquity of trophic specialisation across many hierarchical levels exposes a far more complex view of trophic ecology and resource‐axis exploitation than suggested by species diversity alone. Not only do species segregate along many widely understood axes such as body size, macrohabitat, and trophic morphology but the general pattern revealed by isotopic studies is one of microhabitat segregation and variation in foraging behaviour within species, within populations, and among individuals. These findings are highly relevant to conservation management because they imply ecological non‐exchangeability, which introduces a new dimension beyond that of genetic stocks which drives current conservation planning. Perhaps the most remarkable finding from our data synthesis is that four of six marine turtle species forage across several trophic levels. This pattern is unlike that seen in other large marine predators, which forage at a single trophic level according to stable isotopes. This finding affirms suggestions that marine turtles are robust sentinels of ocean health and likely stabilise marine food webs. This insight has broader significance for studies of marine food webs and trophic ecology of large marine predators. Beyond insights concerning marine turtle ecology and conservation, our findings also have broader implications for the study of ecological radiations. Particularly, the unrecognised complexity of ecopartitioning beyond that predicted by trophic morphology suggests that this dominant approach in adaptive radiation research likely underestimates the degree of resource overlap and that interspecific disparities in trophic morphology may often over‐predict the degree of realised ecopartitioning. Hence, our findings suggest that stable isotopes can profitably be applied to study other ecological radiations and may reveal trophic variation beyond that reflected by trophic morphology.     

黄土丘陵区土地利用及环境因子对土壤质量指标变异性的影响

利用统计学方法分析了黄土丘陵区中部700 km2区域土壤质量的变异性、影响因子及影响程度.结果表明:研究区不同土壤质量指标变异性有很大差异.土壤pH、结构系数、粉粒、比重、容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度及过氧化氢酶为弱变异性指标;土壤养分(N、P、K)含量、CaCO3含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、粘粒、微团聚体平均质量直径(MICMMD)、团聚体平均质量直径(MMD)、水稳性团聚体、呼吸强度、微生物熵、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、呼吸熵及微生物生物量碳和氮为中等变异性指标;土壤活性有机碳、有效磷、抗冲性、渗透系数及脲酶为强变异性指标.土地利用类型变化对土壤有机质、氮含量、水稳性团聚体、渗透性、微生物生物量碳和氮、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶及呼吸强度等土壤动态质量指标的变异性起主导作用.变异性较小的CaCO3、全磷、全钾、CEC、质地、比重等内在土壤质量指标的变异性主要来源于地形等环境因子的差异.土地利用类型可解释97%的土壤质量指数的变异性,是黄土丘陵区土壤质量变异的主导因子.在黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价中,应当充分考虑土地利用类型和地形等环境因子的差异.     

Assessment of trends in predation pressure on insects across temperate forest microhabitats

相似文献   

黄土丘陵小流域土壤侵蚀的时空变异及其影响因子

采用土壤侵蚀模型LISEM(Limburg Soil Erosion Model)模拟黄土丘陵沟壑区大南沟小流域5种土地利用格局下立地尺度上土壤侵蚀量的空间分布,从土壤侵蚀量与环境因子的关系分析入手,研究黄土丘陵小流域立地尺度上土壤侵蚀的时空变异性及其影响因子.研究结果表明,立地尺度上平均土壤侵蚀强度以1975年>1998年>退耕格局,可见优化土地利用格局(陡坡农地退耕)可以有效地降低立地尺度上的土壤侵蚀强度.各种土地利用方案下土壤侵蚀强度的空间变异都很显著,相对来说以1975年<1998年<退耕格局,可见优化土地利用格局可以提高土壤侵蚀的空间变异性,降低土壤侵蚀危险的空间聚集度.土壤侵蚀量与降雨呈现显著正相关性,相关性以LU75>LU98>退耕格局,可见合理的土地利用格局可以有效地削弱降雨对土壤侵蚀强度的影响.土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀空间分布具有显著影响.从1975年、1998年到3种退耕格局,陡坡农地退耕还林还草,植被覆盖度增加,林地/灌木地、果园/经济林地、农地和休闲地的平均土壤侵蚀强度都逐渐降低.相关分析表明,林地/灌木地上土壤侵蚀量最小,荒草地相对最严重;果园、休闲地和农地居中.土壤侵蚀强度还存在显著的地形分异.水平凹凸度和相对海拔对土壤侵蚀空间分布的影响比较显著,而坡向、坡度和垂直凹凸度的影响较小.土壤侵蚀强度以水平凸坡大于水平凹坡、垂直凹坡略大于垂直凸坡、偏南坡大于偏北坡、低海拔大于高海拔.对1975年和1998年土地利用格局来说,土壤侵蚀强度以偏西坡大于偏东坡、陡坡大于缓坡;对3种退耕格局而言则正相反.可见,优化土地利用格局(陡坡农地退耕),可以有效地削弱甚至逆转地形对土壤侵蚀强度的影响.     

河南封丘县域农田土壤固碳速率空间变异特征及其影响因素

农田土壤固碳速率是评价土壤固碳效应和潜力的重要指标,精确估算区域农田土壤固碳速率对土壤地力及环境效应均具有重要意义.本研究选取黄淮海平原典型潮土区河南省封丘县为研究区域,按照土壤利用-土壤类型联合单元布点法,于2011年采集了70个耕层土样,测定了土壤有机碳含量、机械组成、容重、pH,并与全国第二次土壤普查(1981年)数据进行对比分析,结合地统计方法和GIS技术研究了该地区近30年农田土壤固碳速率的空间变异特征,利用显著性检验、回归分析、方差分析等方法定量分析了该区域农田土壤固碳速率的影响因素.结果表明: 近30年封丘县域土壤固碳速率平均值为0.33 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,变异系数为74%,属于中等变异性;土壤固碳速率的变化在东西方向上表现为西高东低、中部高南北低,呈片状分布,区域结构性因素是引起农田土壤固碳速率空间分布差异的主导因素,如土壤类型、机械组成、容重、pH,可解释空间变异的59.5%,其次是随机性因素,如秸秆还田量、施肥量,可解释空间变异的40.5%.