提高临床实习教学质量的实践与体会

临床实习是医学生大学教育阶段的重要组成部分,是医学生向临床医生转型的过渡时期。临床实习质量的高低直接关系到医学生的培养质量。在实习期间培养出扎实的临床基本功、科学的临床思维和高尚的医德医风对于医学生而言是非常重要的。同时,临床实习教学也是医学院校及教学医院的工作重心。作为教学医院,我院多年来积极推进教学改革,不断探索提升临床实习质量的方法,部分科室率先开展了PBL等新的教学模式,并取得了卓越的成效。我院领导阶层也通过抓好教学准备、提升带教质量、严格实习考核等方面的工作,全面提升了临床实习教学质量,从而提高了医学生的综合素质,也为提高执业医师考试通过率打下了坚实的基础。     

基于问题导向的生物信息学综合实验教学设计

针对生物信息学相关课程的实验教学需求,结合前沿科研问题和成果,设计了基于问题导向的生物信息学综合实验。实验以宏基因组中基因资源挖掘以及蛋白质结构和功能研究为主线,将生物信息学多种学科背景、多个知识点、多类分析技术交叉融合为围绕科学问题开展的综合性实验。通过该实验,激发学生学习兴趣,加深学生对专业知识的理解和掌握,提高学生生物信息学实验操作技能,培养学生科学思维和创新能力。     

体现不同专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革研究

总结了微生物学实验教学的改革与实践.根据专业特点设置基础验证性实验以加强基本操作技能训练,开设有专业特色的综合、设计性实验强化学生综合实践能力培养,利用创新性实验促进培养学生创新能力,并依托网络化的实验教学信息平台与完善的实验室管理制度实施开放实验,构建了体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学体系.实践证明,体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革,提高了实验效率与实验教学质量.     

GLP条件下非实验因素对实验用豚鼠生理状态的影响

目的研究GLP条件下非实验因素（包括实验操作、不同笼养方式、对照组因素以及维生素C的添加等）对全身过敏实验中豚鼠质量及生理状况的影响情况,为探讨在GLP条件下如何有效的提高实验动物的质量以及规范过敏性反应的评价提供实验依据。方法实验采用计算机软件进行随机分组,雌雄各半。实验在GLP实验室进行,按要求对豚鼠饲养的环境温度、湿度和噪音进行严格的控制。实验按照SFDA颁布的指导原则推荐的全身过敏实验的程序和方案进行。结果空白对照组和溶剂对照组（生理盐水对照组）在致敏期,体重变化差异明显（P〈0．05）;溶剂对照组与阳性对照组相比较,豚鼠的体重增长在实验的各阶段无明显差异（P〉0．05）;对比托盘笼架饲养,大塑料盒饲养在检疫期更有利于雌性豚鼠体重的增长（P〈0．05）;不添加维生素C组豚鼠在致敏期体重减轻明显（P〈0．05）,并出现明显的脱毛症状。结论在GLP条件下,虽然环境条件得到了有效的改善和控制,但是一些容易忽视的非实验因素明显影响了豚鼠的质量及生理状况。     

病原生物学与免疫学教学中融入“服务学习”的探索与实践

为了培养医学生职业素养、社会责任感,提升其综合能力,我们对医学基础课病原生物学与免疫学教学的模式进行改革和探索,把"服务学习"理念融入教学中。在传授"系统性"基础医学知识的同时,注重学生职业素养、创新能力以及人文素养的培养,构建了病原生物学与免疫学"服务学习"型实践教学模式。     

Impact of feeder space on laying hen feeding behavior and production performance in enriched colony housing

Current feeder space recommendations in laying hen welfare guidelines are inconsistent among and within countries. One determining criterion forming the recommendations (e.g. 12.0 cm/hen for the EU guideline) is that all birds can feed simultaneously. However, if there are other resources in the environment, as in enriched colony housing (ECH), it is unknown whether group-housed hens will choose to feed simultaneously. This study assesses the impact of feeder space on feeding behavior of 60 laying hens (W-36) in ECH using a ultra-high frequency radio-frequency identification-based tracking system. The feeder spaces investigated were 12.0, 9.5, 8.5 and 6.5 cm/hen, achieved by blocking portions of the overall feeder access to keep hens at the same stocking density. Each feeder space treatment, randomly assigned over the course of the experiment, lasted for 7 consecutive days. Feeding behaviors were characterized as daily time spent at the feeder (TS, min/hen-day), daily frequency of visits to the feeder (FV, #/hen-day), and maximum or average percentage of hens feeding simultaneously (MPB, APB, %). Group-average daily feed intake (FI, g/hen-day), water use (WU, g/hen-day), and hen-day egg production (HDEP, %) were also measured. The results revealed that at 12.0 cm/hen, where unoccupied feeder space was present, a maximum of 59.0±1.4% (average of 31.7±0.3%) hens fed simultaneously. No significant differences were detected among 12.0, 9.5 and 8.5 cm/hen in TS (293±10, 286±10 and 281±10 min/hen-day) and MPB (59.0±1.4, 57.3±1.4 and 53.3±1.4%) (P>0.05). The outcome of no significant differences also held true between 12.0 and 9.5 cm/hen in APB (31.7±0.3 v. 30.8±0.3%) and between 9.5 and 8.5 cm/hen in all response variables measured (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in APB between 6.5 cm/hen and all other treatments; in TS and FV between 6.5 and 9.5 cm/hen; and in MPB between 6.5 and 12 cm/hen (P<0.05). Considerable inter-hen variability was observed in TS (CV varying from 28.0% to 32.1%) and FV (CV varying from 26.5% to 27.8%). All the feeder spaces tested showed no significant impact on FI, WU or HDEP (P>0.05). The results revealed that synchronous feeding of hens in the ECH did not increase with increasing feeder space. However, it is worth noting that lower feeder space may lead to aggression or frustration which was not quantified in the current study.     

Opinion Practical and ethical considerations for students conducting ecological research involving wildlife

This commentary outlines relevant changes to the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes for ecologists and students active in field‐based wildlife research. All field‐based activities that require the approval of an Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) have now been detailed within the revised Code of Practice. Researchers and their students are required to give explicit consideration to the humane principles of replacement, reduction and refinement within their experimental protocols as a part of the AEC permission procedure. University‐based researchers also have obligations to train graduate students in the ethical as well as the practical components of wildlife research. In promoting this educational aim, a summary of ethical considerations in wildlife research is offered as a basis for discussion: the regulatory framework of research animal welfare (including an introduction to the Code of Practice, the AEC process and some thoughts on experimental design); and the humane principles on which the Code of Practice is based. Some practical considerations for field work relevant to students’ research training are also described.     

Reporting and guidelines for mendelian randomization analysis: A systematic review of oncological studies

BackgroundMendelian randomization (MR) analyses have been increasingly used to seek evidence of causal associations. This systematic review aims at characterizing and evaluating the reporting of MR analyses in oncological studies.MethodsThe PubMed database was searched to identify MR cancer studies until December 31, 2017. Two of the authors independently selected and evaluated reporting quality of the studies. Reporting quality in MR studies before 2016 and in 2016/17 was compared.ResultsCancer studies with MR analyses in 2016 and 2017 accounted for 55.8% of the total number of studies identified. In the 77 eligible articles, 39 (50.6%) did not report subjects’ characteristics, 53 (68.8%) did not conduct power estimation, 40 (51.9%) did not state all of the first three MR assumptions (i.e., genetic instrument is associated with exposure, is not associated with confounders, and acts on outcome only through exposure), and 31 (40.3%) did not exclude SNPs that diverged from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. More studies estimated power in 2016/2017 than before 2016 (p = 0.028).ConclusionsSome MR cancer studies did not sufficiently report essential information, posing obstacles for critical appraisal. This study proposes for MR analysis a guideline/checklist for future publications in cancer and other biomedical research.     

专业护理硕士研究生临床实践模式指标初步构建

目的:了解护理专家对专业学位护理研究生临床实践的观点,旨在构建出一套合理的专业学位护理硕士研究生临床实践的问卷,为进一步调查专业学位护理硕士研究生临床实践奠定基础。方法:通过文献回顾,理论分析的方法自制问卷,自制问卷经专家函询后进行修正,各个条目经信度和效度检验。结果:回收的数据经SPSS17.0信度和效度检验后,每组专家的内容效度在0.741~1.000之间,问卷整体的内容效度(CVI)为0.951,问卷的信度为0.926。结论:最终形成的临床实践模式指标的问卷,可以用于专业学位护理研究生临床实践的现场发放。     

分析建设研究型医院的探索与实践

研究型医院是以医疗技术及医学知识为基础,坚持以临床医疗工作及科研教学为基本任务,以此来创新科学研究、培养优秀人才,不断地推动人类健康与卫生事业的持续稳定发展、推动临床的诊治水平,并且以完善及制定临床医学规范与标准为标志的新型医院.研究型医院在实践过程中要努力完成人才队伍的建设,对后勤服务保障进行优化,坚持教、医、研的发展齐头并进以及累积经验等.发展永远都是硬道理,离开了发展或者是发展的慢了,那么就谈不上科学发展,但要想快速发展,就必须建立在提高质量、优化结构等方面的基础上,这样才能实现结构、效益、质量以及速度统一的可持续发展状态.因此,我们要立足快速发展,发展中的战略机遇要紧紧抓牢,要着眼实现跨越并坚持科学发展,这样我们与世界顶尖水平的差距才能快速缩小.文中对建设研究型医院的一些主要措施以及基本发展思路进行了表述,以供相关参考.