The contribution of single and colonial cells of Phaeocystis pouchetii to spring and summer blooms in the north-eastern North Atlantic

Studies of the phytoplankton ecology in different localities in north-Norwegian fjords, the White Sea and the Barents Sea were carried out in spring and early summer to investigate the contribution of single and colonial stages of Phaeocystis pouchetii to phytoplankton abundance. Three different types of flagellated and four colonial cells were observed in all localities. P. pouchetii was rare under the ice of the Barents and White Seas, but their abundance increased rapidly during ice retreat. Single cell C dominated over colonial cell C, often by 50 times or more. The highest share of colonial cells was encountered in April in northern Norwegian fjords, in May in the Barents Sea and in May–June in the White Sea. At times the single cell dominated the total P. pouchetii biomass in Balsfjord (April 1999, 2001) with hardly any colonies present. In the White Sea colonies of P. pouchetii were less abundant than in the other regions. Cell carbon of P. pouchetii colonies appears never to be as dominating in the north-eastern North Atlantic as P. globosa blooms in coastal regions such as the southern North Sea. However, the lobal matrix of P. pouchetii colonies appears to be less solid than that of P. globosa and partly dissolution of the colony matrix during handling and storage of fixes samples induces uncertainty about the absolute numbers of P. pouchetii colonial cell counts. Despite of that, single cells of P. pouchetii seem to dominate significantly over colonial cell biomass at most sites and during some years and in some regions colonial cells seem rare. We speculate that top-down regulation of Phaeocystis spp. blooms possibly determines the ratio between single and colonial cells.     

The Alarmone (p)ppGpp Regulates Primer Extension by Bacterial Primase

Primase is an essential component of the DNA replication machinery, responsible for synthesizing RNA primers that initiate leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis. Bacterial primase activity can be regulated by the starvation-inducible nucleotide (p)ppGpp. This regulation contributes to a timely inhibition of DNA replication upon amino acid starvation in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Here, we characterize the effect of (p)ppGpp on B. subtilis DnaG primase activity in vitro. Using a single-nucleotide resolution primase assay, we dissected the effect of ppGpp on the initiation, extension, and fidelity of B. subtilis primase. We found that ppGpp has a mild effect on initiation, but strongly inhibits primer extension and reduces primase processivity, promoting termination of primer extension. High (p)ppGpp concentration, together with low GTP concentration, additively inhibit primase activity. This explains the strong inhibition of replication elongation during starvation which induces high levels of (p)ppGpp and depletion of GTP in B. subtilis. Finally, we found that lowering GTP concentration results in mismatches in primer base pairing that allow priming readthrough, and that ppGpp reduces readthrough to protect priming fidelity. These results highlight the importance of (p)ppGpp in protecting replisome integrity and genome stability in fluctuating nucleotide concentrations upon onset of environmental stress.     

酿酒酵母组蛋白乙酰化修饰及其对基因表达的调控

真核生物核小体组蛋白修饰引起染色质重塑(Chromatin remodeling)是表观遗传的重要调控机制.乙酰化修饰(Acetylation modification)是其中一种重要的方式.组蛋白乙酰化修饰位点集中在各种组蛋白N末端赖氨酸残基上.细胞内存在功能拮抗的多种乙酰基转移酶和去乙酰化酶,二者相互竞争,共同调节组蛋白的乙酰化状态,通过影响核小体结构的致密性,并在多种效应分子的参与下,实现对基因的表达调控.以真核模式生物酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为对象,综述乙酰基转移酶和去乙酰化酶的种类、作用特点以及其基因调控的分子机制等方面的最新研究进展.     

Molecular mechanism of 14-3-3 protein-mediated inhibition of plant nitrate reductase

14-3-3 proteins regulate key processes in eukaryotic cells including nitrogen assimilation in plants by tuning the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. The homodimeric NR harbors three cofactors, each of which is bound to separate domains, thus forming an electron transfer chain. 14-3-3 proteins inhibit NR by binding to a conserved phosphorylation site localized in the linker between the heme and molybdenum cofactor-containing domains. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanism of 14-3-3-mediated NR inhibition using a fragment of the enzyme lacking the third domain, allowing us to analyze electron transfer from the heme cofactor via the molybdenum center to nitrate. The kinetic behavior of the inhibited Mo-heme fragment indicates that the principal point at which 14-3-3 acts is the electron transfer from the heme to the molybdenum cofactor. We demonstrate that this is not due to a perturbation of the reduction potentials of either the heme or the molybdenum center and conclude that 14-3-3 most likely inhibits nitrate reductase by inducing a conformational change that significantly increases the distance between the two redox-active sites.     

Molecular biology, genetics and regulation of nitrite reduction in higher plants

Nitrite reductase (ferredoxin:nitrite oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.1) carries out the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonium ions in the chloroplasts/plastids of higher plants. The complete or partial nucleotide sequences of a number of nitrite reductase apoprotein genes or cDNAs have been determined. Deduced amino acid sequence comparisons have identified conserved regions, one of which probably is involved in binding the sirohaem/4Fe4S centre and another in binding the electron donor, reduced ferredoxin. The nitrite reductase apoprotein is encoded by the nuclear DNA and is synthesised as a precursor carrying an N-terminal extension, the transit peptide, which acts to target the protein to, and within, the chloroplast/plastid. In those plants examined the number of nitrite reductase apoprotein genes per haploid genome ranges from one (barley, spinach) to four ( Nicotiana tabacum ). Mutants defective in the nitrite reductase apoprotein gene have been isolated in barley. During plastidogenesis in etiolated plants, synthesis of nitrite reductase is regulated by nitrate, light (phytochrome), and an uncharacterised 'plastidic factor' produced by functional chloroplasts. In leaves of green, white-light-grown plants up-regulation of nitrite reductase synthesis is achieved via nitrate and light and down-regulation by a nitrogenous end-product of nitrate assimilation, perhaps glutamine. A role for phytochrome has not been demonstrated in green, light-grown plants. Light regulation of nitrite reductase genes is related more closely to that of photosynthetic genes than to the nitrate reductase gene. In roots of green, white-light-grown plants nitrate alone is able to bring about synthesis of nitrite reductase, suggesting that the root may possess a mechanism that compensates for the light requirement seen in the leaf.     

Developmental regulation of an acyl carrier protein gene promoter in vegetative and reproductive tissues

The expression of an Arabidopsis acyl carrier protein (ACP) gene promoter has been examined in transgenic tobacco plants by linking it to the reporter gene -glucuronidase (GUS). Fluorometric analysis showed that the ACP gene promoter was most active in developing seeds. Expression was also high in roots, but significantly lower in young leaves and downregulated upon their maturation. Etiolated and light-grown seedlings showed the same level of GUS activity, indicating that this promoter is not tightly regulated by light. Histochemical studies revealed that expression was usually highest in apical/ meristematic zones of vegetative tissues. Young flowers (ca. 1 cm in length) showed GUS staining in nearly all cell types, however, cell-specific patterns emerged in more mature flowers. The ACP gene promoter was active in the stigma and transmitting tissue of the style, as well as in the tapetum of the anther, developing pollen, and ovules. The results provide evidence that this ACP gene is regulated in a complex manner and is responsive to the array of signals which accompany cell differentiation, and a demand for fatty acids and lipids, during organogenesis.