温度和CO2浓度升高对荒漠藻结皮光合作用的影响

2007年,对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区1956年(51龄)和1981年(26龄)人工植被区及自然植被区的藻结皮净光合速率(P_n)变化,及其与结皮含水量(>100%、40%～60%和<20%)、大气CO₂浓度(360和700 mg·L^-1)和温度(13 ℃、24 ℃ 和28 ℃)的关系进行研究.结果表明：51龄、26龄人工植被区和自然植被区的藻结皮P_n分别为3.4、4.4和3.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,且51龄人工植被区藻结皮的P_n显著高于26龄人工植被区和自然植被区;藻结皮含水量对其P_n影响显著,且中等含水量(40%～60%)藻结皮的P_n显著高于低含水量(<20%)和高含水量(>100%);CO₂倍增(700 mg·L^-1)后,中等和高含水量藻结皮的P_n增加了1.8～3.3倍,而低含水量时,藻结皮的P_n变化不明显;高含水量和中等含水量处理时,24 ℃和28 ℃条件下藻结皮的P_n较13 ℃时提高27%～66%,而在低含水量时,不同温度的藻结皮P_n值无显著差异.     

增施氮磷肥对木荷林凋落物生产量及其养分的影响

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林木荷群落为对象,2011年研究了不同施氮磷肥水平下凋落物生产量和养分动态特征.结果表明: 增施氮磷肥处理后,木荷群落凋落物的年生产量在6.82～8.30 t·hm^-2·a^-1,呈“三峰型”季节动态模式;凋落物年平均氮含量(P处理除外)和年平均磷含量增加;凋落物氮磷含量季节动态发生改变,而对凋落物氮年归还量(60.05～7147 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和磷年归还量(2.94～3.93 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)没有显著影响.与对照相比,试验初期(2011年春季)各施肥处理下的凋落叶氮磷比普遍较高,而2011年冬季较低,说明长期施加氮磷肥可能改变森林生态系统原有的氮磷限制状况.     

Classifying Integrated Signature Molecules in Macrophages of Rheumatoid Arthritis,Osteoarthritis, and Periodontal Disease: An Omics-Based Study

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and periodontal disease (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that are globally prevalent, and pose a public health concern. The search for a potential mechanism linking PD to RA and OA continues, as it could play a significant role in disease prevention and treatment. Recent studies have linked RA, OA, and PD to Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), a periodontal bacterium, through a similar dysregulation in an inflammatory mechanism. This study aimed to identify potential gene signatures that could assist in early diagnosis as well as gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of these diseases. The expression data sets with the series IDs {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE97779","term_id":"97779"}}GSE97779, {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE123492","term_id":"123492"}}GSE123492, and {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE24897","term_id":"24897"}}GSE24897 for macrophages of RA, OA synovium, and PG stimulated macrophages (PG-SM), respectively, were retrieved and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The 72 common DEGs among RA, OA, and PG-SM were further subjected to gene–gene correlation analysis. A GeneMANIA interaction network of the 47 highly correlated DEGs comprises 53 nodes and 271 edges. Network centrality analysis identified 15 hub genes, 6 of which are DEGs (API5, ATE1, CCNG1, EHD1, RIN2, and STK39). Additionally, two significantly up-regulated non-hub genes (IER3 and RGS16) showed interactions with hub genes. Functional enrichment analysis of the genes showed that “apoptotic regulation” and “inflammasomes” were among the major pathways. These eight genes can serve as important signatures/targets, and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of PG-induced RA, OA, and PD.     

土壤节肢动物对箭竹凋落叶分解过程中酶活性的影响

为了解凋落物分解过程中土壤节肢动物与土壤酶活性的相互联系,以川西亚高山森林箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)凋落叶为对象,通过原位控制实验,于2016年4月至2018年4月研究了土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中碳、氮和磷转化相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:生物抑制剂施用降低了分解袋中土壤节肢动物49.7%～66.8%的个体密度和19.2%～46.3%的类群数量;对照和处理分解袋中凋落叶碳、氮和磷转化相关酶活性随分解过程呈现相似的动态;与处理相比,土壤节肢动物参与(对照)显著提高了凋落叶分解过程中蔗糖酶、β-葡聚糖苷酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性;土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中酶活性的贡献率在达到一个明显的峰值后快速降低;土壤温度和土壤节肢动物类群数量与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与β-葡聚糖苷酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关。土壤节肢动物对凋落叶分解过程中酶活性促进效应随酶类型和分解时间变化存在差异,与土壤节肢动物群落结构和分解环境密切相关。     

大汶河水生态环境健康状况与土地利用的相关性

为了解大汶河水生态环境现状及河岸带土地利用类型对其影响,基于2017年4月大汶河流域水生态调查数据,采用主成分分析和相关分析方法对流域地形、水文、水环境因子、主要水生生物因子和栖息地质量5个方面共19个候选指标进行筛选和优化,构建了大汶河生态系统健康评价多指标体系并用于大汶河水生态健康评价。结果表明:水环境因子和水生生物类型指标在健康评价指标体系中所占权重较大;大汶河水生态系统健康状况评价结果主要以一般和较差为主,分别占总采样点的58.33%和20.83%,仅瀛汶河上段、大汶河南支上段和大汶河干流下段部分断面处于健康或亚健康水平;城镇村及工矿用地、耕地和交通用地与大汶河生态健康综合指数呈负相关,是该流域水生态系统受到破坏的主要因素。     

退化设施蔬菜地修复过程中土壤可溶性有机碳与无机氮动态

土壤强还原处理(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)可以有效修复退化设施蔬菜地土壤,但实施过程中亦会存在可溶性有机碳(DOC)与无机氮(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)的淋溶风险。本研究选用水稻秸秆及其制备的生物质炭(biochar,BC)作为修复材料,采用BC、RSD以及RSD+BC三种方法修复退化蔬菜地土壤,探究修复过程中土壤基本性质、DOC与无机氮的动态变化。结果表明,与对照土壤相比,BC处理显著提高了土壤pH、EC和DOC含量(P<0.05),但对土壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N无显著影响。对于RSD和RSD+BC处理,土壤NO₃^--N含量在1～3 d内快速下降,之后维持在较低水平;土壤DOC含量呈先上升后下降趋势,在整个培养时段均显著高于对照处理(P<0.05)。方差分析表明,BC与RSD处理对土壤DOC、全碳(TC)、全...     

Isolation and quaternary structure of the photosynthetic core of the marine purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium purpuratum

Abstract Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a trypsin-like enzyme, Protease I, which is thought to be an important virulence determinant of the organism in adult periodontal disease. Protease I is transiently inhibited by physiological inhibitors of human thrombin. The aim of the present work was to establish whether Protease I was able to mimic thrombin by activation of the thrombin receptor on human platelets. Protease I caused true platelet activation at concentrations comparable to thrombin as measured by aggregometry, morphology and fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of CD63 expression. The effect was blocked by protease inhibitors but not by anti-thrombin receptor antibodies which, by contrast, blocked platelet activation by thrombin. We conclude that the activation of platelets by P. gingivalis Protease I involves proteolysis, but not scission of the thrombin cleavage site of the thrombin receptor.     

A continuous spectrophotometric assay and nonlinear kinetic analysis of methionine γ-lyase catalysis

In this article, we present a new, easy-to-implement assay for methionine γ-lyase (MGL)-catalyzed γ-elimination reactions of l-methionine and its analogues that produce α-ketobutyrate (α-KB) as product. The assay employs ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry to continuously monitor the rate of formation of α-KB by its absorbance at 315 nm. We also employ a nonlinear data analysis method that obviates the need for an “initial slope” determination, which can introduce errors when the progress curves are nonlinear. The spectrophotometric assay is validated through product analysis by ¹H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), which showed that under the conditions of study l-methionine (l-met) and l-methionine sulfone (l-met sulfone) substrates were converted to α-KB product with greater than 99% yield. Using this assay method, we determined for the first time the Michaelis–Menten parameters for a recombinant form of MGL from Porphyromonas gingivalis, obtaining respective k_cat and K_m values of 328 ± 8 min⁻¹ and 1.2 ± 0.1 mM for l-met γ-elimination and 2048 ± 59 min⁻¹ and 38 ± 2 mM for l-met sulfone γ-elimination reactions. We envisage that this assay method will be useful for determining the activity of MGL γ-elimination reactions that produce α-KB as the end product.     

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and frequently of indigenous origin. The ability of some anaerobic pathogens to invade human cells gives them adaptive measures to escape innate immunity as well as to modulate host cell behavior. However, ensuring that the anaerobic bacteria are live during experimental investigation of the events may pose challenges. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe, is capable of invading a variety of eukaryotic non-phagocytic cells. This article outlines how to successfully culture and assess the ability of P. gingivalis to invade human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Two protocols were developed: one to measure bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize bacteria interacting with host cells. These techniques necessitate the use of an anaerobic chamber to supply P. gingivalis with an anaerobic environment for optimal growth.The first protocol is based on the antibiotic protection assay, which is largely used to study the invasion of host cells by bacteria. However, the antibiotic protection assay is limited; only intracellular bacteria that are culturable following antibiotic treatment and host cell lysis are measured. To assess all bacteria interacting with host cells, both live and dead, we developed a protocol that uses fluorescent microscopy to examine host-pathogen interaction. Bacteria are fluorescently labeled with 2'',7''-Bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) and used to infect eukaryotic cells under anaerobic conditions. Following fixing with paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with 0.2% Triton X-100, host cells are labeled with TRITC phalloidin and DAPI to label the cell cytoskeleton and nucleus, respectively. Multiple images taken at different focal points (Z-stack) are obtained for temporal-spatial visualization of bacteria. Methods used in this study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.     

Interaction of extracellular vesicles of Bacteroides gingivalis W50 with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes

The effects of B. gingivalis W50 extracellular vesicles (ECV) on neutrophil chemotaxis and viability were assessed and compared with those of whole cells and the extracellular non-dialysable soluble protein (EP) fraction. None of the fractions tested, including soluble fractions derived from cells and ECV by sonication, induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Only ECV and cells inhibited f-MLP-stimulated chemotaxis. ECV and cells were cytotoxic towards neutrophils. The cytotoxic response was time dependent. The soluble EP fraction did not influence cell viability.