应用15N示踪研究欧美杨对PM2.5无机成分NH4+和NO3-的吸收与分配

通过气溶胶发生系统模拟PM2.5颗粒的发生,运用15N示踪技术研究了欧美杨107(Populus euramericana Neva.)对PM2.5中水溶性无机成分NH+4和NO-3的吸收与分配规律。结果表明,欧美杨能够有效吸收PM2.5中的NH+4和NO-3。轻度和重度污染下,欧美杨叶片对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率均于处理后第1天达到峰值,之后,轻度污染下对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率迅速降低以后趋于稳定,而重度污染下对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率缓慢下降至趋于稳定。轻度污染下的欧美杨叶片的15N含量在处理后第1天达到峰值,15N(NH+4)的含量为0.11 mg/g,干重,15N(NO-3)的为0.14 mg/g,干重,之后15N含量迅速下降至趋于稳定。重度污染下的叶片15N含量在处理第1天迅速增长,之后缓慢增长至处理后第7天达到最高值,15N(NH+4)的含量为0.11 mg/g,干重,15N(NO-3)的为0.13 mg/g,干重。处理7 d后,欧美杨不同组织器官吸收或通过再分配获取的15N含量存在差异。轻度污染下,细根对NH+4和NO-3的吸收量最高,树皮、叶柄、叶片次之,髓最低。而重度污染下,叶片对NH+4和NO-3的吸收量最高,细根、叶柄、树皮次之,髓最低。欧美杨各组织器官中NH+4和NO-3的含量均表现为重度污染大于轻度污染,且两种污染程度下的欧美杨各组织器官对NO-3的吸收均大于对NH+4的吸收。重度污染下,欧美杨茎木质部对15N(NH+4和NO-3)的吸收征调能力(Ndff,Nitrogen derived from fertilizer)最大,其次为髓,叶片最小;欧美杨各组织器官中的15N分配率表现为叶片细根叶柄树皮粗根茎木质部髓。研究结果对进一步揭示植物吸收PM2.5的机制及有效利用植物降低颗粒物污染、净化环境提供了重要的科学理论依据。     

超干处理对胡杨种子抗逆生理生化指标的影响

以珍稀濒危植物胡杨种子为材料,采用硅胶脱水的方法制备不同含水量的种子,再经不同相对湿度的溶液对种子进行回湿处理,确定最适含水量及最适回湿方法;对最适含水量种子进行50℃高温老化处理,经回湿后测定各种酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量,考察超干保存的效果,明确超干保存胡杨种子的可行性。结果表明:(1)当胡杨种子含水量降至3.4%时,其发芽率开始显著下降,但经回湿处理后的发芽率和发芽指数可恢复至未经超干处理样品的水平。(2)采用4种不同的方法对含水量为3.4%的种子进行回湿处理,各回湿方法处理的种子发芽率和发芽指数均显著高于未回湿处理,并以先用饱和CaCl2回湿12h后再用饱和NH4Cl回湿12h的处理效果最佳。(3)在50℃高温老化处理过程中,超干处理(含水量为3.4%)和未超干处理的胡杨种子过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性以及可溶性糖的含量均逐渐降低,而丙二醛的含量则逐渐升高,但超干处理种子的升降幅度明显较小。研究认为,胡杨种子超干处理的最适含水量为3.4%,超干处理种子较适宜的回湿方法是饱和CaCl2和饱和NH4Cl依次回湿处理各12h,超干处理可使胡杨种子抗氧化酶活性和可溶性糖含量于老化过程中维持在相对较高水平,膜系统伤害较轻,从而提高种子的抗老化能力,说明超干保存胡杨种子具有一定的可行性。     

胡杨根际土壤真菌群落代谢特征及其土壤影响因子研究

胡杨是中国西北干旱区绿洲重要的乔木树种,研究胡杨根际土壤真菌群落特征及其主要土壤影响因子,对胡杨林的保护和以胡杨为建群种的生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。该研究在额济纳胡杨林自然保护区设置3个样点,每个样地按照S形随机布点选25~30株胡杨取根际土,采用Biolog-FF微平板方法对89份土壤样本进行了真菌群落代谢特征及其影响因子分析。结果表明:(1)通过聚类将95种碳源划分为3个类群,其中53.8%的氨基酸类碳源分布在类群Ⅰ(OD值为0.106 1~0.316 4),83.3%的胺类碳源和70%的其他类碳源分布在类群Ⅱ(OD值为0.016 6~0.224 2),47.1%的羧酸类碳源分布在类群Ⅲ(OD值为0.232 1~1.115 5)。(2)通过冗余分析,发现所有土壤因子对真菌群落代谢特征总的解释率为30.02%,而RDA1轴占该解释率的84.6%,电导率和速效钾与RDA1轴显著正相关且解释率最高。(3)沿着电导率降低的方向,样本在RDA2轴上的分布逐渐分散,表明随着电导率的降低,土壤肥力和质地条件对真菌群落代谢活性的影响增强。研究发现,胡杨根际土壤真菌群落的主要碳源利用类型为羧酸类、氨基酸类和部分碳水类,而对胺类和其他类碳源的利用程度较弱;土壤可溶性盐,特别是可溶性钾盐是影响真菌群落代谢特征的主要土壤因子,而土壤肥力和土壤质地因子只有在盐分含量较低的情况下才具有明显作用。     

坝下地区防护林不同树种生长特征

采用标准样地调查法对防护林林分结构指标进行调查,研究河北坝下地区丰宁县小坝子乡不同防护林树种榆树、杨树及油松的动态变化规律.结果表明: 该区域榆树、杨树和油松纯林的平均年龄均为10年,杨树纯林的平均胸径和树高分别是榆树纯林的2.3和3.8倍,是油松纯林的2.3和3.0倍.杨树纯林的平均胸径、树高、叶面积指数(LAI)、活枝下高等指标显著大于榆树纯林和油松纯林.与杨树混交林相比,杨树纯林的林分密度高10.8%,纯林平均胸径则低5.2%,平均树高低11.3%;与榆树混交林相比,榆树纯林的林分密度高6.6%,纯林平均胸径、树高分别低7.8%和14.2%;与油松混交林相比,油松纯林的林分密度大4.9%,纯林平均胸径和树高分别低29.3%和31.8%.各林分类型的平均胸径、树高与密度呈显著负相关;平均LAI与密度和活枝下高呈显著正相关,与胸径、树高呈显著负相关;平均活枝下高与密度呈显著正相关.针阔混交林的胸径和树高生长显著优于针叶纯林.该区域防护林综合生长潜力呈上升趋势,而横向生长潜力总体上呈下降趋势.     

Unravelling the impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics: a comprehensive study on young poplar trees downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD)

Lignin engineering is a promising tool to reduce the energy input and the need of chemical pre‐treatments for the efficient conversion of plant biomass into fermentable sugars for downstream applications. At the same time, lignin engineering can offer new insight into the structure–function relationships of plant cell walls by combined mechanical, structural and chemical analyses. Here, this comprehensive approach was applied to poplar trees (Populus tremula × Populus alba) downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) in order to gain insight into the impact of lignin reduction on mechanical properties. The downregulation of CAD resulted in a significant decrease in both elastic modulus and yield stress. As wood density and cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) did not show any significant differences between the wild type and the transgenic lines, these structural features could be excluded as influencing factors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman imaging were performed to elucidate changes in the chemical composition directly on the mechanically tested tissue sections. Lignin content was identified as a mechanically relevant factor, as a correlation with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.65 between lignin absorbance (as an indicator of lignin content) and tensile stiffness was found. A comparison of the present results with those of previous investigations shows that the mechanical impact of lignin alteration under tensile stress depends on certain structural conditions, such as a high cellulose MFA, which emphasizes the complex relationship between the chemistry and mechanical properties in plant cell walls.     

It is about time: genetic variation in the timing of leaf‐litter inputs influences aquatic ecosystems

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水肥耦合效应对毛白杨苗木生物量的影响

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Establishment of in Vitro Regeneration System of Triploid Chinese White Poplar

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Studies on the Proton Pumping Activity of H+-ATPase in Tonoplast Vesicles of Populus euphratica

Tonoplast-enriched vesicles were prepared from suspension-cultured Populus euphratica Oliv. cells by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The properties of the proton pumping activity of H+-ATPases in tonoplast vesicles were studied by acridine orange fluorescent quenching measured at 22 ℃. The proton pumping activity of ATPase was ATP-dependent with apparent Michaelis-Menten Constant (Km) for ATP about 0.65 mmol/L. The optimal pH for H+-ATPases activity was 7.5. The proton pumping activity of H+-ATPase could be initiated by some divalent cations, Mg2+ being highly efficient, much more than Fe2+; and Ca2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ were inefficient under the experimental condition. The proton translocation could be stimulated by halide anions, with potencies decreasing in the order Cl-> Br->I->F-. The proton pumping activity was greatly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), NO-3 and Bafilomycin A1, but not by orthovanadate and azide. These results demonstrated that the H+-ATPase in the tonoplast of Populus euphratica belonged to vacuolar type ATPase. This work was the first time that tonoplast-enriched vesicles were isolated from Populus euphratica cells.     

胡杨锌指蛋白基因克隆及其结构分析

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