Intraspecific Sequence Variation of Chloroplast DNA Reflecting Variety and Geographical Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polygonum cuspidatum</Emphasis> (Polygonaceae) in Japan

Polygonum cuspidatum in Japan, we analyzed the chloroplast DNA sequences of a region from the rbcL to the accD gene (ca. 1,420 bp), and found nucleotide variations at 22 sites in 68 samples. The phylogenetic relationship deduced from the sequence variations revealed the existence of at least five groups. The first group consisted of P. cuspidatum var. cuspidatum in the central part of Honshu; in Nagano, Yamanashi, and Shizuoka. The second, a sister of the first, consisted of those plants in Shizuoka-Itoigawa Line. The third group consisted of plants in the northern part of Japan including P. sachalinense in Hokkaido, P. cuspidatum var. cuspidatum in Aomori and var. uzensis in Akita. The fourth consisted of var. uzensis in the Tohoku District. The fifth consisted of var. terminalis in the Izu Islands. P. cuspidatum are differentiated according to their distribution, and two varieties, var. terminalis and var. uzensis, are differentiated genetically. Polygonum sachalinensis, a distinct species morphologically, fell into the accessions of P. cuspidatum on the phylogenetic tree obtained in the present study. Received 9 July 2000/ Accepted in revised form 11 October 2000     

Quantifying aphid behavioral responses to environmental change

Aphids are the most common vector of plant viruses, and their feeding behavior is an important determinant of virus transmission. Positive effects of global change on aphid performance have been documented, but effects on aphid behavior are not known. We assessed the plant‐mediated behavioral responses of a generalist aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), to increased CO₂ and nitrogen when feeding on each of three host species: Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae), Polygonum persicaria L. (= Persicaria maculosa Gray) (Polygonaceae), and Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Via a family of constrained Markov models, we tested the degree to which aphid movements demonstrate preference among host species or plants grown under varying environmental conditions. Entropy rates of the estimated Markov chains were used to further quantify aphid behavior. Our statistical methods provide a general tool for assessing choice and quantitatively comparing animal behavior under different conditions. Aphids displayed strong preferences for the same host species under all growth conditions, indicating that CO₂‐ and N‐induced changes in plant chemistry have minimal effects on host preference. However, entropy rates increased in the presence of non‐preferred hosts, even when preferred hosts were available. We conclude that the presence of a non‐preferred host species affected aphid‐feeding behavior more than changes in plant leaf chemistry when plants were grown under elevated CO₂ and increased N availability.     

New Technology for Estimating Seed Production of Moist-Soil Plants

ABSTRACT Waterfowl biologists estimate seed production in moist-soil wetlands to calculate duck-energy days (DEDs) and evaluate management techniques. Previously developed models that predict plant seed yield using morphological measurements are tedious and time consuming. We developed simple linear regression models that indirectly and directly related seed-head area to seed production for 7 common moist-soil plants using portable and desktop scanners and a dot grid, and compared time spent processing samples and predictive ability among models. To construct models, we randomly collected approximately 60 plants/species at the Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge, USA, during September 2005 and 2006, threshed and dried seed from seed heads, and related dry mass to seed-head area. All models explained substantial variation in seed mass (R²< 0.87) and had high predictive ability (R²_predicted < 0.84). Processing time of seed heads averaged 22 and 3 times longer for the dot grid and portable scanner, respectively, than for the desktop scanner. We recommend use of desktop scanners for accurate and rapid estimation of moist-soil plant seed production. Seed predictions per plant from our models can be used to estimate total seed production and DEDs in moist-soil wetlands.     

蓼二醛对蚜虫的拒食活性

辣蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)中的天然产物蓼二醛((-)-POLYGODIAL)具有很好的昆虫拒食活性。本文介绍了提取、分离的方法和含量测定。结果表明,我国辣蓼叶中含有蓼二醛约为0,08%。合成的蓼二醛在室内对空气、光和热的半衰期分别为34.6天、33.8天和15,6天。室内外生测结果表明,天然蓼二醛的乙醚提取物对蚜虫有很好的柜食活性。     

山东蓼属及近缘植物（蓼科）果实外果皮解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜对山东产蓼属（Polygonum）及近缘植物20种2变种的果实外果皮解剖学特征进行了观察研究。结果表明,其果实外果皮细胞在横切面上为方形、短矩形或狭长矩形,排列为栅栏状,细胞腔形状多样,大小取决于细胞壁增厚程度,具树状分枝或二叉分枝,垂周壁平直或波纹状。根据细胞垂周壁式样及细胞腔形状划分为3种类型,即：A.细胞腔近狭三角形,具树状分支,垂周壁强烈折曲,壁内多褶皱和空隙,如萹蓄。B.细胞腔近狭长、具树状分支,该类型又分为两个亚型：B1细胞腔形状无规则,垂周壁强烈折曲或波纹状,如春蓼;B2细胞腔形状规则,垂周壁平直,如拳参。C.细胞腔狭小,二叉至四叉分支,垂周壁平直,如篱蓼。果实外果皮解剖学特征对蓼族各属的范围界定及某些存疑种的系统学位置的处理具有重要意义。     

火炭母化学成分的研究

从火炭母(PolygonumchinenseLinn.)中分离获得了12个化合物。通过光谱分析,分别鉴定为丁香酸(1)、芹菜素(2)、3,3'-二甲基鞣花酸(3)、没食子酸(4)、原儿茶酸(5)、异鼠李素(6)、咖啡酸(7)、槲皮素(8)、木犀草素(9)、没食子酸甲酯(10)、广寄生苷(11)和3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxy-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one(12)。除4和8外,其余化合物均为首次从火炭母中分离得到。     

P uptake characteristics and root morphological responses in the mining ecotype of Polygonum hydropiper under high organic P media

Understanding plant phosphorus (P) assimilation and its root morphological responses is important to acquire an ideal material for remediation of P-enriched environments. Pot experiments were conducted to explore P accumulation and root morphological traits in a mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Polygonum hydropiper under different organic P (Po) sources (G1P, AMP, ATP, IHP) and inorganic P (Pi) source (KH₂PO₄), and also their responses to a high level of IHP for different growth periods. Both ecotypes showed higher biomass in Pi and IHP treatments than other Po sources. P accumulation in seedlings were in the order of Pi > IHP > other Po media. Extending the growth period increased biomass and P accumulation in both ecotypes. The ME demonstrated 1.11–1.46 times higher P accumulation than the NME. Seedlings fed with IHP demonstrated significantly greater morphological parameters of fine, medium, and thick roots compared to other Po sources. Total root length, surface area, and volume of both ecotypes significantly increased with the prolonged growth period. The ME has a higher ability to develop root system and exhibits better distribution of fine roots to enhance P accumulation from high P media, and thus it is a worthy material for P-phytoextraction.     

Chromosome Number and Development of Gametophytes in Euptelea pleiospermum (Eupteleaceae)

Euptelea Sieb. et Zucc. is a genus of 2 species, endemic to East Asia and disjunctly distributed in China and Japan. The present paper deals with cytology and embryology of the Chinese species E.pleiospermum Hook. f. et Thoms., providing materials for discussing the classificatory rank and relationships of the genus. This work reports the chromosome number, n = 14 and 2n = 28 (Plate 1: 1, 2), for E.pleiospermum, which is consistent with that of the Japanese species, E. plyandra Sieb. et Zucc.,reported by Sugiure (1931) and Whitaker (1933). This number is different from those of the related genera, i. e. n=20 or 2n=40 in Trochodendron and 2n = 48(46)in Tetracentron (Cronquist, 1981), and, therefore, the cytological evidence supports the treatmemt of the genus as a separate family by Smith (1945, 1946), Chrlotte and Bailey (1946), Cronquist(1981), Thorne (1983), Dahlgren(1983), Wang (1984). The ovule of E. pleiospermum is anatropous, bitegminous and crassinucellate (Plate 1: 10), the characters which have been already reported by Davis (1966). In addition, the present work shows that in E. pleiospermum the tapetum is glandular, consisting of 2-or 4-nucleate tapetal cells; cytokinesus at meiosis of pollen mother cells is simultaneous; microspore tetrads are mainly tetrahedral; pollen grains are 2-celled (Plate 1: 4, 5, 6, 9), the third megaspore from the micropyle is functional and develops into the Polygonum type of embryo sac, and synergids are of a wide-openly dichotomous filiform apparatus (Plate 2: 14, 18;Fig. 1:4,6). These are the characters reported here for the first time. Due to the lack of embryological da-ta for the related families, it is impossible to make a systematic comparison of embryology.     

西伯利亚蓼PsGRX基因的克隆及其在NaHCO_3胁迫下的表达

采用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术从西伯利亚蓼叶cDNA文库中克隆到谷氧还蛋白基因（PsGRX）的完整编码区cDNA序列（GenBank注册号为GU139794）,长度为465bp,编码106个氨基酸。根据与其他植物谷氧还蛋白的氨基酸序列的比对以及系统进化分析的结果,初步确定此基因为谷氧还蛋白基因家族成员。实时定量PCR的结果显示,PsGRX在西伯利亚蓼的叶、茎、地下茎中均有表达,叶中表达量最高,地下茎和茎中较低。在NaHCO3胁迫的过程中,此基因在叶、茎和地下茎中的表达模式也有较明显的差异。